{"id":77621,"date":"2025-07-21T00:02:48","date_gmt":"2025-07-21T04:02:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=77621"},"modified":"2025-07-21T00:02:48","modified_gmt":"2025-07-21T04:02:48","slug":"biology-is-complex-and-diverse-so-scientific-research-approaches-need-to-be-too","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/biology-is-complex-and-diverse-so-scientific-research-approaches-need-to-be-too\/","title":{"rendered":"Biology is complex and diverse, so scientific research approaches need to be too"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

The beautiful, fascinating and often perplexing world around us grows from intricate and convoluted interactions of millions of pieces. As scientists, we work to understand and describe the parts and interactions of these systems.<\/p>\n

Scientific understanding is only as good as the questions we ask. Observing the world from a variety of viewpoints and asking questions from a diversity of perspectives helps us recognize and understand biological complexity. Science, and our own experience, tells us that\u00a0diverse collaborations lead to better questions<\/a>\u00a0and more innovative solutions \u2014 but diversity in research is under threat.<\/p>\n

A major advancement in modern biology, specifically in the world of modern genetics that our\u00a0research team<\/a>\u00a0works in, has been the realization that genes are far\u00a0more complicated<\/a>\u00a0than we thought 20 years ago. When\u00a0the human<\/a>\u00a0genome<\/a>\u00a0was first sequenced in 2001, scientists realized that each person\u2019s DNA contained around 20,000 genes. Earlier estimates had been between 80,000 and\u00a0100,000<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This drastic downsize may seem like a step back in complexity, but the reduced number means genes must be more complex in order to fulfil multiple roles and functions. There are fewer genes, but each gene has a complicated set of multiple functions modulated through intricate, interconnected and interactive gene-regulation mechanisms.<\/p>\n

Model species, surprising discoveries<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Our research group studies gene regulation using the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster<\/em>) as a model species \u2014 a non-human species studied extensively to reveal more about other organisms.\u00a0Flies<\/a>, like humans, have two copies of each chromosome, each copy with a full set of genes. Typically, regulation of each copy has been assumed to be independent.<\/p>\n

Unexpectedly, our research has found that in fruit flies, the copies on separate chromosomes\u00a0physically interact to modulate each other\u2019s regulation<\/a>. This means that the chromosomes aren\u2019t independent: they co-regulate in a way that depends on genome structure, or what we call chromosome architecture.<\/p>\n

This form of inter-chromosomal gene regulation, called\u00a0transvection<\/a>, was originally described in the 1950s, but is largely unknown. Its potential role to drive biological complexity is underappreciated because its effects are often (but not always<\/a>) subtle and generally overshadowed by \u201ctypical\u201d mechanisms of gene regulation along a single chromosome, cis-regulation.<\/p>\n

Complex genetic interactions<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Our\u00a0transvection research<\/a>\u00a0focuses on subtle differences between\u00a0individuals<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0environments<\/a>. Too often, biology assumes that phenomena are simple, uniform and discreet.<\/p>\n

A classic example, taught in high school biology classes, demonstrates this thinking. Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel studied genetics in pea plants to propose dominant and recessive hereditary traits. His data was\u00a0a little too clean, too good to be true<\/a>: Mendel\u2019s peas were either wrinkled or round, yellow or green.<\/p>\n

Genetics is works in more complex ways: think of eye colour. Our eyes are not a dichotomous brown or blue. Colour varies in a\u00a0spectrum<\/a>\u00a0of shades of blues, greens, grays, hazels and browns.<\/p>\n

Similarly, we have shown that transvection, itself an unexpected twist, varies subtly and substantially, in unexpected ways. Recognizing that inter-chomosomal regulation was even possible, let alone could itself be modulated and variable, meant looking at our results from a non-typical view point, a different perspective.<\/p>\n

Our research into\u00a0stress biology<\/a>\u00a0has drawn similar conclusions;\u00a0diverse responses<\/a>\u00a0are the norm and appreciating this variability is absolutely fundamental to understanding the system.<\/p>\n

Differences between male and female biologies<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In our research into metabolism, we have repeatedly found significant and substantial differences between male and females. For example, in recent unpublished data, we find that differences between male and female fruit fly responses to metal toxicity were as large as we would have expected to occur between different species.<\/p>\n

Past conventional wisdom in the field assumed that the biology in the two sexes was interchangeable, with females essentially being just\u00a0hypervariable males<\/a>, although recent research in our lab and\u00a0others<\/a>\u00a0is broadly pushing back against this misconception.<\/p>\n

The male and female responses are similar but distinct, and this is an important point. To understand biology, our research indicates, we need to identify, appreciate and study these subtle differences in order to produce more thorough scientific investigations.<\/p>\n

Unexpected complexity<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Our research regularly reveals unexpected biological complexity and, not coincidentally, the studies listed above were all collaborations. The technical complexity of research often requires involving experts in multiple disciplines.<\/p>\n

A typical project can involve half a dozen or more experiments and methods, ranging from biochemistry to genetics to life history, and techniques from\u00a0enzyme kinetic assays<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0mass spectrometry<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0DNA sequencing<\/a>.<\/p>\n

We are part of a genetics research group at Laurentian University whose diversity has greatly strengthened the quality and originality of contributions we have made to the field. In our experience, diverse collaborations combining different perspectives and viewpoints lead to innovative conclusions.<\/p>\n

The literature bears this out: a series of large-scale studies\u00a0involving millions of researchers<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0publications<\/a>\u00a0repeatedly show that diverse groups of scientists ask more interesting, perceptive and innovative questions and pose more interesting solutions.<\/p>\n

Diversity and innovation<\/strong><\/h4>\n

But this diversity-innovation connection is\u00a0under attack<\/a>\u00a0in the current social and political climate. This has been most visible under the\u00a0current political regime in the United States<\/a>, but is also\u00a0present here<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Canada<\/a>.<\/p>\n

If successful, these attacks will narrow the perspective of scientific research and cripple scientific advances. Current diversity is the result of decades of programs fighting generations of systematic discrimination. Many researchers\u00a0have been making research<\/a>\u00a0a more diverse and inclusive place.<\/p>\n

Sustainability is essential to the long-term health of scientific research. The research, and our own experiences, clearly shows that diverse groups of researchers conduct more creative, innovative and impactful science.\u00a0Visibility in scientific research<\/a>\u00a0is important to ensure its sustainability. More young students will pursue careers in research if they can\u00a0see themselves in that role<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Our hope is that a broader appreciation of the importance of diversity in research, will lead to greater community and political, support for research programs that recognize the fundamental importance of diversity, equity and inclusion.<\/p>\n

The biological world is a beautifully diverse and complex place. To truly understand that world, the research laboratory must to be, too.<\/p>\n

Author Bios:<\/strong> Thomas Merritt is Professor, Chemistry and Biochemistry and Allie Hutchings is a PhD student, Biology both at Laurentian University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The beautiful, fascinating and often perplexing world around us grows from intricate and convoluted interactions of millions of pieces. As scientists, we work to understand and describe the parts and interactions of these systems. Scientific understanding is only as good as the questions we ask. Observing the world from a variety of viewpoints and asking […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86115],"tags":[9577],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-77621","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research","tag-biology-3"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBiology is complex and diverse, so scientific research approaches need to be too - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/biology-is-complex-and-diverse-so-scientific-research-approaches-need-to-be-too\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biology is complex and diverse, so scientific research approaches need to be too - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The beautiful, fascinating and often perplexing world around us grows from intricate and convoluted interactions of millions of pieces. 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