{"id":77170,"date":"2025-06-06T00:31:33","date_gmt":"2025-06-06T04:31:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=77170"},"modified":"2025-06-06T00:31:33","modified_gmt":"2025-06-06T04:31:33","slug":"100-years-ago-the-supreme-court-made-a-landmark-ruling-on-parents-rights-in-education-today-another-case-raises-new-questions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/100-years-ago-the-supreme-court-made-a-landmark-ruling-on-parents-rights-in-education-today-another-case-raises-new-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"100 years ago, the Supreme Court made a landmark ruling on parents\u2019 rights in education \u2013 today, another case raises new questions"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

A century ago, the Supreme Court handed down\u00a0one of its most important cases about education<\/a>. On June 1, 1925, the court struck down an Oregon statute requiring all students to attend public school \u2013 a law critics argued was meant to\u00a0limit faith-based schools<\/a>, at a time when anti-Catholic bias was still common in parts of the United States.<\/p>\n

The majority opinion in\u00a0Pierce v. Society of Sisters of the Holy Name of Jesus and Mary<\/a>\u00a0included a now-famous dictum about parents\u2019 rights to shape their children\u2019s upbringing. According to the court, \u201cthe child is not the mere creature of the state; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right, coupled with the high duty, to recognize and prepare him for additional obligations.\u201d<\/p>\n

Soon, the Supreme Court is expected to release another decision around parental beliefs and education:\u00a0Mahmoud v. Taylor<\/a>. The plaintiffs are parents who want to excuse their children from public school lessons involving storybooks with LGBTQ+ characters \u2013 lessons they assert contradict their religious beliefs.<\/p>\n

As someone who\u00a0teaches education law<\/a>, I believe this is perhaps the court\u2019s most significant case on parental rights since Pierce. Mahmoud raises questions not only about religious freedom, but also about educators\u2019 ability to determine curricula, and public education in a pluralistic society.<\/p>\n

Picture-book debate<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Controversy arose during the 2022-23 school year in Montgomery County, Maryland\u2019s largest school district, when officials approved various storybooks with LGBTQ+-inclusive themes to be incorporated into the English language-arts curriculum for preschool and elementary students.<\/p>\n

Some parents\u00a0challenged the materials<\/a>, including \u201cPride Puppy<\/a>!\u201d, a picture book the board later\u00a0removed from use<\/a>. Originally approved for preschool and pre-K, the story portrays a family whose puppy gets lost at a LGBTQ+ Pride parade, devoting a page to each letter of the alphabet. At the end of the book, a long \u201csearch and find\u201d list of words<\/a>\u00a0for children to go back and look for in the pictures of the parade includes \u201c[drag] queen\u201d and \u201cking,\u201d \u201cleather\u201d and \u201clip ring.\u201d<\/p>\n

Other materials for older children included stories about same-sex marriage, a transgender child and nonbinary bathroom signs.<\/p>\n

Parents who objected to the use of these materials on religious grounds sought to excuse their children from lessons using them. The parents basically argued that requiring their children to participate compelled or coerced them to go against their families\u2019 religious beliefs.<\/p>\n

Initially, officials\u00a0agreed to allow opt-outs<\/a>\u00a0for elementary schoolers whose parents objected to the materials. However, a day later they changed their minds. Since then, school officials cited concerns about absenteeism, the feasibility of accommodating opt-out requests, and a desire to avoid stigmatizing LGBTQ+ students or families as reasons for their policy.<\/p>\n

A group of Muslim, Orthodox Christian and Catholic families challenged the board\u2019s refusal to excuse their children from lessons using the disputed materials.<\/p>\n

The federal trial court<\/a>, however, rejected the parents\u2019 claim that having no opt-outs violated their right to due process.<\/p>\n

Parents appealed, and the\u00a04th Circuit<\/a>\u00a0affirmed in favor of the school board 2-1. The court added that officials had not violated the parents\u2019 First Amendment rights to freely exercise their faith. \u201cThere\u2019s no evidence at present that the Board\u2019s decision not to permit opt-outs compels the Parents or their children to change their religious beliefs or conduct, either at school or elsewhere,\u201d the panel concluded.<\/p>\n

The dissenting judge\u00a0stridently countered<\/a>. Officials violated the parents\u2019 free exercise rights by forcing them \u201cto make a choice,\u201d he wrote, between \u201ceither adher[ing] to their faith, or receiv[ing] a free public education for their children.\u201d He also noted that the board\u2019s opt-out policy was not neutral toward religion, because under Maryland regulations, children may be excused from sex-ed lessons.<\/p>\n

In January 2025, the Supreme Court\u00a0agreed to hear the parents\u2019 appeal<\/a>, addressing whether the schools are burdening parents\u2019 free-exercise rights.<\/p>\n

Court record<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In\u00a0their brief to the Supreme Court<\/a>\u00a0and oral arguments, the parents cited\u00a0Wisconsin v. Yoder<\/a>, a Supreme Court ruling from 1972. The court found that Amish parents did not have to send their children to school after the eighth grade, which the families argued would violate their religious beliefs. Amish communities descend from Anabaptist Christians\u00a0who fled persecution in Europe<\/a>\u00a0and emphasize living simply, eschewing many modern technologies.<\/p>\n

In Yoder, the justices agreed with the parents that their children received all the education they needed in their home communities. Under the First Amendment, parents have the right \u201cto guide the religious future and education of their children,\u201d\u00a0the majority wrote<\/a>, a matter \u201cestablished beyond debate.\u201d<\/p>\n

During oral arguments for Mahmoud in April 2025, some justices briefly discussed another precedent: the Supreme Court\u2019s 1943 judgment in\u00a0West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette<\/a>, resolved at the height of U.S. involvement in World War II. Here, three parents who were Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses refused to have their children participate in public schools\u2019 flag salute and Pledge of Allegiance because they viewed it as a form of idolatry contrary to their religious beliefs. Others objected to the salute as \u201cbeing too much like Hitler\u2019s<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

The court reasoned that educators could not compel students to participate, because forcing children \u2013 or anyone \u2013 to engage in activities inconsistent with their beliefs is contrary to their First Amendment rights to the free exercise of religion and freedom of speech.<\/p>\n

Viewed together, these cases highlight how the court has granted parents significant leeway to exempt their children from educational activities inconsistent with their religious beliefs.<\/p>\n

Questions at court<\/strong><\/h4>\n

During oral arguments, a majority of justices\u00a0appeared to support the parents<\/a>\u2019 request to excuse children from lessons involving the books about LGBTQ+ characters.<\/p>\n

The board\u2019s attorney argued that students did not have to agree with the books\u2019 messages, simply to participate in the lesson. Being exposed to an idea \u201cdoes not burden free exercise,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Chief Justice John Roberts, however, queried whether it is realistic for 5-year-olds to understand that distinction. He asked, \u201cDo you want to say you don\u2019t have to follow the teacher\u2019s instructions, you don\u2019t have to agree with the teacher? I mean, that may be a more dangerous message than some of the other things.\u201d<\/p>\n

Other conservative justices also appeared skeptical of the idea that the lessons were merely exposing young children to ideas, but not instilling moral lessons. The storybooks do not simply explain that some people believe something and others do not, Justice Amy Coney Barrett suggested; they inform students that \u201cthis is the right view of the world<\/a>.\u201d Similarly, Justice Neil Gorsuch remarked that telling students that \u201csome people think X, and X is wrong and hurtful and negative\u201d is \u201cmore than exposure.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat is the big deal about allowing them to opt out of this?\u201d Justice Samuel Alito asked.<\/p>\n

Conversely, Justice Elena Kagan acknowledged that parents\u2019 concerns were \u201cserious,\u201d but wondered\u00a0how to draw limits on opt-out policies<\/a>. Did the parents\u2019 argument suggest that anytime \u201ca religious person confronts anything in a classroom that conflicts with her religious beliefs or her parents\u2019 that \u2013 that the parent can then demand an opt-out?\u201d<\/p>\n

Justice Sonia Sotomayor pressed the plaintiffs\u2019 attorney on whether \u201cthe mere exposure to things that you object to\u201d\u00a0really counts as coercion<\/a>. And Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson questioned why, even if opt-outs are not allowed, public schools teaching \u201csomething that the parent disagrees with\u201d is coercive, given that homeschooling and private schools are legal.<\/p>\n

Mahmoud raises challenging questions about curricular content, parental control and free exercise of religion \u2013 questions the court will hopefully resolve. A ruling is expected in June or early July 2025.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Charles J. Russo is the Joseph Panzer Chair in Education and Research Professor of Law at the University of Dayton<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A century ago, the Supreme Court handed down\u00a0one of its most important cases about education. On June 1, 1925, the court struck down an Oregon statute requiring all students to attend public school \u2013 a law critics argued was meant to\u00a0limit faith-based schools, at a time when anti-Catholic bias was still common in parts of […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[435385],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-77170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","tag-faith-based-schools"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n100 years ago, the Supreme Court made a landmark ruling on parents\u2019 rights in education \u2013 today, another case raises new questions - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/100-years-ago-the-supreme-court-made-a-landmark-ruling-on-parents-rights-in-education-today-another-case-raises-new-questions\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"100 years ago, the Supreme Court made a landmark ruling on parents\u2019 rights in education \u2013 today, another case raises new questions - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A century ago, the Supreme Court handed down\u00a0one of its most important cases about education. 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