{"id":76476,"date":"2025-04-08T00:42:08","date_gmt":"2025-04-08T04:42:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=76476"},"modified":"2025-04-08T00:42:08","modified_gmt":"2025-04-08T04:42:08","slug":"friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles\/","title":{"rendered":"Friend, tutor, doctor, lover: why AI systems need different rules for different roles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-76477\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/cyber-lovers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/cyber-lovers.jpg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/cyber-lovers-250x185.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u201cI\u2019m really not sure what to do anymore. I don\u2019t have anyone I can talk to,\u201d types a lonely user to an AI chatbot. The bot responds: \u201cI\u2019m sorry, but we are going to have to change the topic. I won\u2019t be able to engage in a conversation about your personal life.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Is this response appropriate? The answer depends on what relationship the AI was designed to simulate.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Different relationships have different rules<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>AI systems are taking up social roles that have traditionally been the province of humans. More and more we are seeing AI systems acting as tutors, mental health providers and even\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/02\/25\/podcasts\/the-daily\/ai-chatgpt-boyfriend-relationship.html\">romantic partners<\/a>. This increasing ubiquity requires a careful consideration of the ethics of AI to ensure that human interests and welfare are protected.<\/p>\n<p>For the most part, approaches to AI ethics have considered abstract ethical notions, such as whether AI systems are trustworthy, sentient or have agency.<\/p>\n<p>However, as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2502.12102\">we argue<\/a>\u00a0with colleagues in psychology, philosophy, law, computer science and other key disciplines such as relationship science, abstract principles alone won\u2019t do. We also need to consider the relational contexts in which human\u2013AI interactions take place.<\/p>\n<p>What do we mean by \u201crelational contexts\u201d? Simply put, different relationships in human society follow different norms.<\/p>\n<p>How you interact with your doctor differs from how you interact with your romantic partner or your boss. These relationship-specific patterns of expected behaviour \u2013 what we call \u201crelational norms\u201d \u2013\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-26067-4\">shape our judgements<\/a>\u00a0of what\u2019s appropriate in each relationship.<\/p>\n<p>What is deemed appropriate behaviour of a parent towards her child, for instance, differs from what is appropriate between business colleagues. In the same way, appropriate behaviour for an AI system depends upon whether that system is acting as a tutor, a health care provider, or a love interest.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Human morality is relationship-sensitive<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Human relationships fulfil different functions. Some are grounded in care, such as that between parent and child or close friends. Others are more transactional, such as those between business associates. Still others may be aimed at securing a mate or the maintenance of social hierarchies.<\/p>\n<p>These four functions \u2014\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/387959265_How_Social_Relationships_Shape_Praise_and_Blame_Strengthening_and_Extending_the_Relational_Norms_Model\">care, transaction, mating and hierarchy<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 each solve different coordination challenges in relationships.<\/p>\n<p>Care involves responding to others\u2019 needs without keeping score \u2014 like one friend who helps another during difficult times. Transaction ensures fair exchanges where benefits are tracked and reciprocated \u2014 think of neighbours trading favours.<\/p>\n<p>Mating governs romantic and sexual interactions, from casual dating to committed partnerships. And hierarchy structures interactions between people with different levels of authority over one another, enabling effective leadership and learning.<\/p>\n<p>Every relationship type combines these functions differently, creating distinct patterns of expected behaviour. A parent\u2013child relationship, for instance, is typically both caring and hierarchical (at least to some extent), and is generally expected not to be transactional \u2014 and definitely not to involve mating.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/content\/qt1b36f8vw\/qt1b36f8vw_noSplash_bf040a3077c2268c411266b954934cec.pdf\">Research from our labs<\/a>\u00a0shows that relational context does affect how people make moral judgements. An\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-26067-4.pdf\">action may be deemed wrong<\/a>\u00a0in one relationship but permissible, or even good, in another.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, just because people are sensitive to relationship context when making moral judgements doesn\u2019t meant they should be. Still, the very fact that they are is important to take into account in any discussion of AI ethics or design.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Relational AI<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>As AI systems take up more and more social roles in society, we need to ask: how does the relational context in which humans interact with AI systems impact ethical considerations?<\/p>\n<p>When a chatbot insists upon changing the subject after its human interaction partner reports feeling depressed, the appropriateness of this action hinges in part on the relational context of the exchange.<\/p>\n<p>If the chatbot is serving in the role of a friend or romantic partner, then clearly the response is inappropriate \u2013 it violates the relational norm of care, which is expected for such relationships. If, however, the chatbot is in the role of a tutor or business advisor, then perhaps such a response is reasonable or even professional.<\/p>\n<p>It gets complicated, though. Most interactions with AI systems today occur in a commercial context \u2013 you have to pay to access the system (or engage with a limited free version that pushes you to upgrade to a paid version).<\/p>\n<p>But in human relationships, friendship is something you don\u2019t usually pay for. In fact, treating a friend in a \u201ctransactional\u201d manner will often lead to hurt feelings.<\/p>\n<p>When an AI simulates or serves in a care-based role, like friend or romantic partner, but ultimately the user knows she is paying a fee for this relational \u201cservice\u201d \u2014 how will that affect her feelings and expectations? This is the sort of question\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s4\">we need to be asking<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>What this means for AI designers, users and regulators<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Regardless of whether one believes ethics should be relationship-sensitive, the fact most people act as if it is should be taken seriously in the design, use and regulation of AI.<\/p>\n<p>Developers and designers of AI systems should consider not just abstract ethical questions (about sentience, for example), but relationship-specific ones.<\/p>\n<p>Is a particular chatbot fulfilling relationship-appropriate functions? Is the mental health chatbot sufficiently responsive to the user\u2019s needs? Is the tutor showing an appropriate balance of care, hierarchy and transaction?<\/p>\n<p>Users of AI systems should be aware of potential vulnerabilities tied to AI use in particular relational contexts. Becoming emotionally dependent upon a chatbot in a caring context, for example, could be bad news if the AI system cannot sufficiently deliver on the caring function.<\/p>\n<p>Regulatory bodies would also do well to consider relational contexts when developing governance structures. Instead of adopting broad, domain-based risk assessments (such as deeming AI use in education \u201chigh risk\u201d), regulatory agencies might consider more specific relational contexts and functions in adjusting risk assessments and developing guidelines.<\/p>\n<p>As AI becomes more embedded in our social fabric, we need nuanced frameworks that recognise the unique nature of human-AI relationships. By thinking carefully about what we expect from different types of relationships \u2014 whether with humans or AI \u2014 we can help ensure these technologies enhance rather than diminish our lives.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bios:<\/strong> Brian D Earp is Associate Director, Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy at the University of Oxford, Sebastian Porsdam Mann is Assistant Professor, Center for Advanced Studies in Bioscience Innovation Law at the University of Copenhagen and Simon Laham is Associate Professor of Psychological Sciences at The University of Melbourne<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cI\u2019m really not sure what to do anymore. I don\u2019t have anyone I can talk to,\u201d types a lonely user to an AI chatbot. The bot responds: \u201cI\u2019m sorry, but we are going to have to change the topic. I won\u2019t be able to engage in a conversation about your personal life.\u201d Is this response [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[434804],"tags":[9912],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-76476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-artificial-intelligence","tag-relationships"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Friend, tutor, doctor, lover: why AI systems need different rules for different roles - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Friend, tutor, doctor, lover: why AI systems need different rules for different roles - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cI\u2019m really not sure what to do anymore. I don\u2019t have anyone I can talk to,\u201d types a lonely user to an AI chatbot. The bot responds: \u201cI\u2019m sorry, but we are going to have to change the topic. I won\u2019t be able to engage in a conversation about your personal life.\u201d Is this response [&hellip;]\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-04-08T04:42:08+00:00\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/cyber-lovers.jpg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"680\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"504\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kevin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\"},\"headline\":\"Friend, tutor, doctor, lover: why AI systems need different rules for different roles\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-04-08T04:42:08+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1079,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/04\\\/cyber-lovers.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"relationships\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Artificial Intelligence\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/friend-tutor-doctor-lover-why-ai-systems-need-different-rules-for-different-roles\\\/\",\"name\":\"Friend, tutor, doctor, lover: why AI systems need different rules for different roles - 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