{"id":76416,"date":"2025-04-01T15:49:59","date_gmt":"2025-04-01T19:49:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=76416"},"modified":"2025-04-02T15:04:34","modified_gmt":"2025-04-02T19:04:34","slug":"when-the-results-of-a-scientific-article-are-very-surprising-be-suspicious-it-could-be-a-lie-caused-by-poorly-done-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/when-the-results-of-a-scientific-article-are-very-surprising-be-suspicious-it-could-be-a-lie-caused-by-poorly-done-science\/","title":{"rendered":"When the results of a scientific article are very surprising, be suspicious: it could be a lie caused by poorly done science"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cMasks are incapable of containing the transmission of COVID-19, concludes a study by USP\u201d<\/a>\u00a0, reads the headline of an online magazine. It was reproduced by several anti-vax influencers without scientific training, including former president\u00a0Jair Bolsonaro<\/a>\u00a0. The\u00a0study<\/a>\u00a0mentioned in the article was published in the scientific journal\u00a0BMC Public Health<\/em><\/a>\u00a0, but it has several methodological flaws. The magazine even added a note to the article warning that \u201cthe reliability of the data reported in this article is currently in dispute\u201d.<\/p>\n

The study \u201cconfirms\u201d an idea dear to the millions of people who denied scientific discoveries during the pandemic, advocated early treatment and, like the authors of the article, opposed the use of masks. The article follows scientific methodology, but applies it based on an implausible hypothesis (masks would be harmful to the transmission of Covid), with an\u00a0unreliable<\/a>\u00a0database (mask use based on self-reporting). The conclusions only confirm the authors\u2019 initial bias. The study\u2019s findings were denied by the fact-checking agencies\u00a0Aos Fatos<\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0Estad\u00e3o Verifica<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Lupa<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

Recently, another\u00a0article<\/a>\u00a0with relatively obvious methodological flaws, published in the\u00a0Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry<\/em><\/a>\u00a0, \u201cshowed\u201d that mediumship has a genetic basis. A quick search for the authors\u2019 names shows that almost all (or all) of them follow the spiritist religion. The\u00a0results obtained<\/a>\u00a0are the result of the authors\u2019 biases and desires, not of nature.<\/p>\n

A\u00a0study<\/a>\u00a0published by a group at the\u00a0University of California Irvine<\/a>\u00a0\u201cshowed\u201d that essential oil diffusers used for seven nights (the Kabbalah\u2019s favorite number) improved memory and cognition in the elderly. This would be revolutionary if it were true. However, the study also has several methodological flaws and its results are only taken seriously by companies that use it as evidence to\u00a0sell<\/a>\u00a0essential oils, misleading their customers.<\/p>\n

These examples show that not all science is created equal: there is high-quality science and there is bad science\u00a0.<\/em><\/a>\u00a0But how can the average citizen, without any training in science, distinguish between the two, especially if he or she is presented with a published scientific paper (which, to the layman’s eyes, already gives authority to a scientific finding) that confirms his or her own beliefs?<\/p>\n

To answer this question, it is necessary to understand how the validation of scientific ideas works.<\/p>\n

Science, an indispensable tool for understanding nature<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Science is, above all, a way of understanding nature. Despite being\u00a0very recent in the history of humanity<\/a>\u00a0, science’s success in interpreting how and why things are the way they are has made it an indispensable tool for validating ideas about practically everything around us, as well as for creating technologies, from the simplest to the most sophisticated, that lead to a better quality of life and economic gains.<\/p>\n

As a scientific community was created, it became clear that communication between scientists was essential to advance knowledge. Thus, scientific journals were founded, in which scientists publish their findings in the form of\u00a0scientific articles<\/a>\u00a0, a very specific textual genre that allows the dissemination of ideas and the construction of new knowledge based on previously established knowledge.<\/p>\n

Over time, quality control mechanisms have been created for the publication of scientific articles. It is not enough to have a new idea; authors need to convince editors \u2014 generally scientists with a high reputation among their peers \u2014 that their ideas correspond to the facts. One of the processes that seeks to ensure quality is\u00a0peer review<\/a>\u00a0, in which an article submitted for publication receives the opinion of experts to assist the journal editor in making the final decision.<\/p>\n

This process is very important, because scientists are human and their work is subject to errors, biases and mistakes of various kinds. Serious scientific journals, with rigorous review processes, have gained an impeccable reputation in the sense that we know that articles that have passed their peer review processes probably contain good ideas and accurate interpretations of nature.<\/p>\n

Biases and beliefs clouding science<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Due to the success of science in interpreting nature, many people seek validation of ideas and beliefs through it, even though, at times, these ideas and beliefs are not good or do not correspond to the facts.<\/p>\n

Articles based on pseudoscience (when the research did not follow scientific methodology to be carried out, but the text is written in a way that seems scientific) or poorly done science (when the research followed scientific methodology but with errors \u2014 which can be serious or subtle \u2014 that lead to conclusions that do not correspond to reality) generally do not make it through the review process in rigorous journals. As a result, thousands of scientific journals have been created with editorial rigor that ranges from almost nonexistent to lax.<\/p>\n

This has been going on for decades and has never been a major problem for scientists. But recently, these unreliable journals have been used by laypeople as irrefutable proof of the truth. Perhaps the clearest example of this is the COVID-19 pandemic, which has whetted the general public\u2019s appetite for\u00a0scientific information<\/a>\u00a0to an unprecedented degree .<\/p>\n

When everyone wanted to understand what was happening and how it would be possible to avoid falling victim to the disease, some leaders \u2014 such as then-US President\u00a0Donald Trump<\/a>\u00a0and Brazilian President\u00a0Jair Bolsonaro<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 used poor-quality science to impose on their followers an anti-scientific interpretation not only of the behavior of the disease but also of the treatment and effectiveness of vaccines.<\/p>\n

Activists for so-called \u201cearly treatment,\u201d always politically aligned with these presidents, brandished \u201cscientific\u201d articles published in journals, claiming the wonders of chloroquine, ivermectin, and other drugs. None of these articles were published in highly prestigious journals. The\u00a0seminal article<\/a>\u00a0on chloroquine treatment \u2014 now retracted by decision of the company that owns the journal (and not by the journal\u2019s editor) \u2014, for example, was published in a journal of low scientific rigor, whose editor was hierarchically subordinate to the main author.<\/p>\n

Evidence of bad science<\/strong><\/h4>\n

There are several indications that a scientific finding, even when published, may not have the rigor expected of science. Obviously, the main one is the quality of the journal in which the article was published. Articles with revolutionary or very important results generally appear in journals with high scientific impact and high rigor. I can mention\u00a0Science<\/em><\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0Nature<\/em><\/a>\u00a0, as well as other highly prestigious journals in different areas of knowledge. However, this rule is not absolute: very important articles may appear in less important journals.<\/p>\n

Another sign of bad science is exaggerated or very surprising conclusions, such as the articles on the use of masks and COVID-19 and on essential oils, at the beginning of this text. In them, scientific methodology was applied sloppily, intentionally or not, arriving at the results that the researchers wanted instead of understanding the facts.<\/p>\n

In general, articles with weak or inadequate methodology are the result of the authors’ beliefs or biases. A common example is authors with strong religious beliefs who seek, in some way, to demonstrate or prove that there is scientific evidence for their convictions, such as the article on mediumship that we cited.<\/p>\n

It is worth remembering that poorly written scientific articles may have authors from renowned institutions, and their defenders invariably try to validate their dubious results through the prestige of the institutions. But one should not confuse the authors of poor-quality science with the institutions that host them.\u00a0The University of California<\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0USP<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Harvard<\/a>\u00a0remain top-tier institutions, even if some of their researchers have published poorly written science.<\/p>\n

Scientific consensus<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Experienced scientists understand enough about methodology to know when a paper, even if it has been published, is of poor quality. That is why\u00a0scientific consensus<\/a>\u00a0is essential. Consensus consists of the informed opinion of the scientific community. When many scientists read a paper and agree that it is poorly done, then it is most likely poorly done.<\/p>\n

To find consensus, it is worth looking for opinion pieces on the websites of renowned institutions or highly prestigious magazines, or even following the specialized press. Another reliable source is fact-checking agencies, such as those already mentioned, which have a reputation to maintain, study in depth and seek out authoritative opinions from real experts rather than biased \u201cscientists\u201d or activists.<\/p>\n

Our understanding of nature is based on good science. Thus, we know that masks used correctly most likely reduce the spread of respiratory diseases, essential oils do not improve memory in the elderly, mediumship has no genetic basis, and chloroquine does not cure COVID-19. If a well-written paper in the future shows otherwise, the scientific consensus will certainly change.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Leandro R. Tessler is Professor at the Glab Wataghin Physics Institute part of the State University of Campinas (Unicamp)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cMasks are incapable of containing the transmission of COVID-19, concludes a study by USP\u201d\u00a0, reads the headline of an online magazine. It was reproduced by several anti-vax influencers without scientific training, including former president\u00a0Jair Bolsonaro\u00a0. The\u00a0study\u00a0mentioned in the article was published in the scientific journal\u00a0BMC Public Health\u00a0, but it has several methodological flaws. The magazine […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86115],"tags":[435312],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-76416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research","tag-lying-in-science"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhen the results of a scientific article are very surprising, be suspicious: it could be a lie caused by poorly done science - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/when-the-results-of-a-scientific-article-are-very-surprising-be-suspicious-it-could-be-a-lie-caused-by-poorly-done-science\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"When the results of a scientific article are very surprising, be suspicious: it could be a lie caused by poorly done science - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cMasks are incapable of containing the transmission of COVID-19, concludes a study by USP\u201d\u00a0, reads the headline of an online magazine. 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