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There is a Fox News\u00a0headline<\/a>\u00a0that goes like this:<\/p>\n Transgender female runner who beat 14,000 women at London Marathon offers to give medal back<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Read about the event elsewhere<\/a>\u00a0and it turns out the athlete was also beaten by thousands of people and it was a participation medal. While the Fox News headline is true, it is framed to potentially elicit a negative reaction.<\/p>\n Misinformation is on the rise<\/a>. We\u2019re told we need to think critically when we read things online, but how can we recognise such situations? And what does it mean to think critically anyway?<\/p>\n Critical thinking is based on the idea that\u00a0if all ideas are equal<\/a>, then all ideas are worthless. Without this assumption, there can be nothing to be critical of.<\/p>\n When we think critically, we focus on the quality of our reasoning and the factors that can influence it. In other words, thinking critically primarily means being critical of your own thinking.<\/p>\n Importantly, critical thinking is not strongly correlated with intelligence. While some believe intelligence is basically fixed (though there is\u00a0debate<\/a>\u00a0around this), we\u00a0can<\/em>\u00a0learn to think critically.<\/p>\n Other factors being equal, there\u2019s also no evidence thinking critically is an innate ability. In fact, we have evidence critical thinking can be\u00a0improved as a skill in itself<\/a>, and it is\u00a0transferrable<\/a>\u00a0to other contexts.<\/p>\n Many factors can affect the quality of your thinking. They include things like\u00a0cognitive biases<\/a>\u00a0(systemic thinking errors),\u00a0prior beliefs<\/a>, prejudices and worldviews,\u00a0framing effects<\/a>, and how much you know about the subject.<\/p>\n To understand the quality of our reasoning, we can use the concepts and language of argumentation.<\/p>\n People often think \u201carguments\u201d are about conflicting views. A better way to understand argumentation is to view it as a way of making our thinking visible and accessible to each other.<\/p>\n Arguments contain\u00a0premises<\/strong>, those things we think are true about the world, and\u00a0conclusions<\/strong>, which is where we end up in our thinking. Moving from premises to conclusions is called inferring, and it is the quality of these\u00a0inferences<\/strong>\u00a0that is the concern of critical thinking.<\/p>\n For example, if I offer the premises<\/p>\n P1: All Gronks are green<\/p>\n P2: Fred is a Gronk<\/p>\n Then you have already inferred the conclusion<\/p>\n C: Fred is green<\/p>\n You don\u2019t even need to know what a Gronk is to make that inference.<\/p>\n All our rational judgements and decisions are made up of chains of inferences. Constructing, evaluating and identifying types of arguments is the core business of critical thinking.<\/p>\n To help us get better at it, we can understand critical thinking in three main ways.<\/p>\n First, we can see critical thinking as a subject we can learn. In this subject, we study how arguments work and how our reasoning can be influenced or improved. We also learn what makes for good thinking by using ideas like accuracy, clarity, relevance, depth and more. These are what we\u00a0value in good thinking<\/a>. By learning this, we start to think about how we think, not just what we think about.<\/p>\n Second, we improve our critical thinking by using what we\u2019ve learned in real situations. This helps us build important thinking skills like analysing, justifying, evaluating and explaining.<\/p>\n Third, we can also think of critical thinking as a habit or attitude \u2013 something we choose to practice in our everyday lives. This means being curious, open-minded and willing to question things instead of just accepting them. It also means being aware of our own biases and trying to be fair and honest in how we think.<\/p>\n When we put all three of these together, we become better thinkers \u2013 not just in educational contexts, but in life.<\/p>\n Since critical thinking centres on the giving and taking of reasons, practising this is a step towards improvement. There are some useful ways to do this.<\/p>\n 1. Make reasoning \u2013 rather than conclusions \u2013 the basis of your discussions with others.<\/strong><\/p>\n When asking for someone\u2019s opinion, inquire as to\u00a0why<\/em>\u00a0they think that. And offer your thinking to others. Making our thinking visible leads to deep and meaningful conversations in which we can test each other\u2019s thinking and develop the virtues of open-mindedness and curiosity.<\/p>\n 2. Always assess the credibility of information based on its source and with a reflection on your own biases.<\/strong><\/p>\n The processes of our thinking can shape information as we receive it, just as much as the source can in providing it. This develops the virtues of carefulness and humility.<\/p>\n 3. Keep the fundamental question of critical inquiry in mind.<\/strong><\/p>\n The most important question in critical thinking is: \u201chow do we know?\u201d. Continually testing the quality of your inquiry \u2013 and therefore thinking \u2013 is key. Focusing on this question gives us practice in applying the values of inquiry and develops virtues such as persistence and resilience.<\/p>\n Reasoning is best understood as a social competence: we reason with and towards each other. Indeed, to be called reasonable is a social compliment.<\/p>\n It\u2019s only when we have to think with others that we really test the quality of our thinking. It\u2019s easy to convince yourself about something, but when you play in the arena of public reasoning, the bar is much higher.<\/p>\n So, be the reasonable person in the room.<\/p>\n That doesn\u2019t mean everyone has to come around to your way of thinking. But it does mean everyone will get closer to the truth because of you.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n However, real learning transcends tools. It\u2019s shaped profoundly by the environment and the people who surround you. While AI tools can guide and assist, fostering critical thinking, collaboration, and curiosity remains a human endeavor.<\/p>\n \u2014 Faruk Guney (@norck.com<\/a>) 12 January 2025 at 13:20<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\nWhat is critical thinking?<\/strong><\/h4>\n
The tools of argumentation<\/strong><\/h4>\n
How can we improve our critical thinking skills?<\/strong><\/h4>\n
Practical steps to improving critical thinking<\/strong><\/h4>\n
You are not alone!<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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