{"id":76187,"date":"2025-03-17T02:32:09","date_gmt":"2025-03-17T06:32:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=76187"},"modified":"2025-03-17T02:32:09","modified_gmt":"2025-03-17T06:32:09","slug":"trumps-english-language-order-upends-americas-long-multilingual-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/trumps-english-language-order-upends-americas-long-multilingual-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Trump\u2019s English language order upends America\u2019s long multilingual history"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Across its nearly 250-year history, the United States has never had an official language. On March 1, U.S. President Donald Trump changed that when he signed an executive order<\/a>\u00a0designating English as the country\u2019s sole official language. The order marks a fundamental rupture from the American goverment\u2019s long-standing approach to languages.<\/p>\n

\u201cFrom the founding of our Republic, English has been used as our national language,\u201d Trump\u2019s order states. \u201cIt is in America\u2019s best interest for the federal government to designate one \u2014 and only one \u2014 official language.\u201d<\/p>\n

This new order also revokes a language-access provision contained in an\u00a0earlier executive order from 2000<\/a>\u00a0that aimed to improve access to services for people with limited English. Federal agencies now seem to have no obligation to provide vital information in other languages.<\/p>\n

Despite some reactions in the\u00a0New York Times<\/em><\/a>,\u00a0Washington Post<\/em><\/a>\u00a0and elsewhere, it remains unclear whether Trump\u2019s executive order will face legal or political challenges. Amid continual attacks from the Trump administration on established norms, this decree may pass with relatively little resistance, despite a deeper meaning that extends far beyond language.<\/p>\n

Multilingual realities and monolingual fantasies<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The U.S. has a\u00a0long multilingual history<\/a>, beginning with the\u00a0hundreds of Indigenous languages<\/a>\u00a0indelibly linked to these lands. The secondary layer are colonial languages and their variants, including French in Louisiana and Spanish in the Southwest. In all historical periods, immigrant languages from around the world have added substantially to the linguistic mix that makes up the U.S.<\/p>\n

Today,\u00a0New York is one of world\u2019s most linguistically diverse cities<\/a>, with other U.S. coastal cities not far behind. According to data from the Census Bureau, one-fifth of all Americans can speak\u00a0two or more languages<\/a>. The social, economic and cognitive\u00a0benefits of bilingualism<\/a>\u00a0are well-established, and there is no data to support the assertion that speaking more than one language threatens the integrity of the nation state.<\/p>\n

English has long functioned as a pragmatic\u00a0lingua franca<\/em><\/a>\u00a0for the U.S. Yet an American tendency towards\u00a0ideological monolingualism<\/a>\u00a0is gathering momentum.<\/p>\n

The emergence of\u00a0Spanish as the nation\u2019s second language<\/a>, with well over 40 million speakers, has generated a particular anxiety. During the last few decades,\u00a0more than 30 American states have enshrined English as an official language<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Linguistic insecurity<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The March 1 executive order is a crowning achievement for the \u201cEnglish-only movement<\/a>.\u201d Trump has tapped directly into this sentiment and its xenophobic preoccupations, rooted in white fragility and white supremacy.<\/p>\n

In 2015, during his first bid for the Oval Office, Trump reprimanded Jeb Bush, the bilingual former governor of Florida, during a\u00a0televised debate<\/a>, stating: \u201cThis is a country where we speak English, not Spanish.\u201d<\/p>\n

Speaking at the\u00a0Conservative Political Action Conference<\/a>\u00a0in February 2024, Trump gave voice to his own linguistic insecurity:<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have languages coming into our country. We don\u2019t have one instructor in our entire nation that can speak that language\u2026These are languages \u2014 it\u2019s the craziest thing \u2014 they have languages that nobody in this country has ever heard of. It\u2019s a very horrible thing.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Beyond the brazen untruths and intentional exaggerations, such statements only reflect weakness and fear. The March 1 executive order states that \u201ca nationally designated language is at the core of a unified and cohesive society.\u201d<\/p>\n

It is in fact a sign of strength that Americans have not needed such a mandate until now, effectively navigating their complex multilingual reality without top-down legislation.<\/p>\n

English around the world<\/strong><\/h4>\n

It\u2019s instructive to compare the language policy of the U.S. with other\u00a0settler colonial<\/a>\u00a0contexts where English is dominant.<\/p>\n

In neighbouring Canada, the 1969\u00a0Official Languages Act<\/a>\u00a0grants equal status to English and French \u2014 two languages that were brought European migrants \u2014 and requires all federal institutions to provide services in both languages on request. Revealingly, only 50 years later did Canada finally pass an\u00a0Indigenous Languages Act<\/a>\u00a0granting modest recognition to the original languages of the land.<\/p>\n

While Australia\u2019s constitution specifies no official language, the government promotes English as the \u201cnational language<\/a>,\u201d and then offers to translate some web pages into other languages.<\/p>\n

Navigating the distinction between\u00a0de facto<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0de jure<\/a>, New Zealand has taken a more considered approach. Recognizing that English is unthreatened and secure, even without legal backing, New Zealand legislators have focused their attention elsewhere.\u00a0Te reo M\u0101ori<\/a>\u00a0was granted official language status in 1987, followed by\u00a0New Zealand Sign Language<\/a>\u00a0in 2006.<\/p>\n

Even the colonial centre and origin point for the global spread of English, the United Kingdom assumes a nuanced position on language policy.\u00a0Welsh<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Irish<\/a>\u00a0have both received some official recognition, while in Scotland, the\u00a0B\u00f2rd na G\u00e0idhlig<\/a>\u00a0continues to advocate for\u00a0official recognition of Gaelic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Principle and practice<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Trump\u2019s recent executive order is both practical and symbolic.<\/p>\n

Practically, it remains unclear what the order means for\u00a0Spanish in Puerto Rico<\/a>, the Indigenous languages of\u00a0Hawaii<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Alaska<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 which have received official recognition \u2014 for\u00a0American Sign Language<\/a>\u00a0and for all the multilingual communities that make up the nation.<\/p>\n

Language access can be a matter of\u00a0life or death<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Interpretation in courts, hospitals and schools is a fundamental human right. No one should be barred from accessing vital services simply because they don\u2019t speak English, whether that\u2019s when dealing with a judge, a doctor or a teacher. The consequences of government agencies abandoning their already limited efforts at translation and interpretation could have huge ramifications.<\/p>\n

Symbolically, Trump\u2019s order is red meat for\u00a0his MAGA followers<\/a>. Associating national integrity with the promotion of one language above others might seem to reflect\u00a0American exceptionalism<\/a>, but it in fact destroys the cultural and linguistic diversity that makes the U.S. exceptional.<\/p>\n

Ironically, this executive order brings the U.S. into alignment with most of the world\u2019s other nation-states \u2014 albeit not the ones that speak English as their first language \u2014 which seek to impose the standardized language of an ethnic majority on all of their citizens. The consequences can be both polarizing and homogenizing.<\/p>\n

Most of the world\u2019s people are\u00a0resolutely multilingual<\/a>\u00a0and are\u00a0only becoming more so<\/a>. Americans will not stop speaking, writing and signing in languages other than English because of an executive order. The linguistic dynamism of the U.S. is essential to the country\u2019s social fabric. It should be nurtured and defended.<\/p>\n

Author Bios:<\/strong> Mark Turin is Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia and Ross Perlin is Lecturer, Linguistics at Columbia University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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