{"id":75526,"date":"2025-01-14T00:00:38","date_gmt":"2025-01-14T05:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=75526"},"modified":"2025-01-14T00:00:38","modified_gmt":"2025-01-14T05:00:38","slug":"the-dynamics-that-polarise-us-on-social-media-are-about-to-get-worse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-dynamics-that-polarise-us-on-social-media-are-about-to-get-worse\/","title":{"rendered":"The dynamics that polarise us on social media are about to get worse"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-75527\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/political-polarization.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/political-polarization.png 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/political-polarization-250x94.png 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Meta founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg has announced big changes in how the company addresses misinformation across Facebook, Instagram and Threads. Instead of relying on independent third-party factcheckers, Meta will now emulate Elon Musk\u2019s X (formerly Twitter) in using \u201ccommunity notes\u201d. These crowdsourced contributions allow users to flag content they believe is questionable.<\/p>\n<p>Zuckerberg claimed these changes promote \u201cfree expression\u201d. But\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/tech\/social-media\/zuckerbergs-fact-checking-rollback-ushers-chaotic-online-era-rcna186561\">some experts<\/a>\u00a0worry he\u2019s bowing to right-wing political pressure, and will effectively allow a deluge of hate speech and lies to spread on Meta platforms.<\/p>\n<p>Research on the group dynamics of social media suggests those experts have a point.<\/p>\n<p>At first glance, community notes might seem democratic, reflecting values of free speech and collective decisions. Crowdsourced systems such as Wikipedia, Metaculus and PredictIt, though imperfect, often succeed at harnessing the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2004-20179-000\">wisdom of crowds<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 where the collective judgement of many can sometimes outperform even experts.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1073\/pnas.1615978114\">Research shows<\/a>\u00a0that diverse groups that pool independent judgements and estimates can be surprisingly effective at discerning the truth. However, wise crowds seldom have to contend with social media algorithms.<\/p>\n<p>Many people rely on platforms such as Facebook for their news, risking exposure to misinformation and biased sources. Relying on social media users to police information accuracy could further polarise platforms and amplify extreme voices.<\/p>\n<p>Two group-based tendencies \u2014 our psychological need to sort ourselves and others into groups \u2014 are of particular concern: in-group\/out-group bias and acrophily (love of extremes).<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Ingroup\/outgroup bias<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Humans are biased in how they evaluate information. People are more likely to trust and remember information from their in-group \u2014 those who share their identities \u2014 while distrusting information from perceived out-groups. This bias leads to echo chambers, where like-minded people reinforce shared beliefs, regardless of accuracy.<\/p>\n<p>It may feel rational to trust family, friends or colleagues over strangers. But in-group sources often hold\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0749597812000751\">similar perspectives and experiences<\/a>, offering little new information. Out-group members, on the other hand,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206320914694\">are more likely to provide diverse viewpoints<\/a>. This diversity is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0749597816303193\">critical<\/a>\u00a0to the wisdom of crowds.<\/p>\n<p>But too much disagreement between groups can prevent community fact-checking from even occurring. Many community notes on X (formerly Twitter), such as those related to COVID vaccines, were likely\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.poynter.org\/fact-checking\/2023\/why-twitters-community-notes-feature-mostly-fails-to-combat-misinformation\/\">never shown publicly<\/a>\u00a0because users disagreed with one another. The benefit of third-party factchecking was to provide an objective outside source, rather than needing widespread agreement from users across a network.<\/p>\n<p>Worse, such systems are vulnerable to manipulation by well organised groups with political agendas. For instance, Chinese nationalists\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/technology-49921173\">reportedly<\/a>\u00a0mounted a campaign to edit Wikipedia entries related to China-Taiwan relations to be more favourable to China.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Political polarisation and acrophily<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Indeed, politics intensifies these dynamics. In the US,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.abe1715\">political identity increasingly dominates<\/a>\u00a0how people define their social groups.<\/p>\n<p>Political groups are motivated to define \u201cthe truth\u201d in ways that advantage them and disadvantage their political opponents. It\u2019s easy to see how organised efforts to spread politically motivated lies and discredit inconvenient truths could corrupt the wisdom of crowds in Meta\u2019s community notes.<\/p>\n<p>Social media accelerates this problem through a phenomenon called acrophily, or a preference for the extreme.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-022-01474-9\">Research shows<\/a>\u00a0that people tend to engage with posts slightly more extreme than their own views.<\/p>\n<p>These increasingly extreme posts are more likely to be negative than positive. Psychologists have known for decades that\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1037\/1089-2680.5.4.323\">bad is more engaging than good<\/a>. We are hardwired to pay more attention to negative experiences and information than positive ones.<\/p>\n<p>On social media, this means negative posts \u2013 about violence, disasters and crises \u2013 get more attention, often at the expense of more neutral or positive content.<\/p>\n<p>Those who express these extreme, negative views gain status within their groups, attracting more followers and amplifying their influence. Over time, people come to think of these slightly more extreme negative views as normal, slowly moving their own views toward the poles.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2024292118\">A recent study<\/a>\u00a0of 2.7 million posts on Facebook and Twitter found that messages containing words such as \u201chate\u201d, \u201cattack\u201d and \u201cdestroy\u201d were shared and liked at higher rates than almost any other content. This suggests that social media isn\u2019t just amplifying extreme views \u2014 it\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/0593317432?&amp;linkCode=sl1&amp;tag=outthink06-20&amp;linkId=634e66d386de775157f96d7352f94c7e&amp;language=en_US&amp;ref_=as_li_ss_tl\">fostering a culture of out-group hate<\/a>\u00a0that undermines the collaboration and trust needed for a system like community notes to work.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>The path forward<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The combination of negativity bias, in-group\/out-group bias and acrophily supercharges one of the greatest challenges of our time: polarisation. Through polarisation, extreme views become normalised, eroding the potential for shared understanding across group divides.<\/p>\n<p>The best solutions, which I examine in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/741946\/the-collective-edge-by-colin-m-fisher\/\">my forthcoming book, The Collective Edge<\/a>, start with diversifying our information sources. First, people need to engage with \u2014 and collaborate across \u2014 different groups to break down barriers of mistrust. Second, they must seek information from multiple, reliable news and information outlets, not just social media.<\/p>\n<p>However, social media algorithms often work against these solutions, creating echo chambers and trapping people\u2019s attention. For community notes to work, these algorithms would need to prioritise diverse, reliable sources of information.<\/p>\n<p>While community notes could theoretically harness the wisdom of crowds, their success depends on overcoming these psychological vulnerabilities. Perhaps increased awareness of these biases can help us design better systems \u2014 or empower users to use community notes to promote dialogue across divides. Only then can platforms move closer to solving the misinformation problem.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bio:<\/strong> Colin M. Fisher is Associate Professor of Organisations and Innovation and Author of &#8220;The Collective Edge: Unlocking the Secret Power of Groups&#8221; at UCL<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Meta founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg has announced big changes in how the company addresses misinformation across Facebook, Instagram and Threads. Instead of relying on independent third-party factcheckers, Meta will now emulate Elon Musk\u2019s X (formerly Twitter) in using \u201ccommunity notes\u201d. These crowdsourced contributions allow users to flag content they believe is questionable. Zuckerberg claimed [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-dynamics-that-polarise-us-on-social-media-are-about-to-get-worse\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[435235],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-75526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-social-change","tag-acrophily"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The dynamics that polarise us on social media are about to get worse - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-dynamics-that-polarise-us-on-social-media-are-about-to-get-worse\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The dynamics that polarise us on social media are about to get worse - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Meta founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg has announced big changes in how the company addresses misinformation across Facebook, Instagram and Threads. Instead of relying on independent third-party factcheckers, Meta will now emulate Elon Musk\u2019s X (formerly Twitter) in using \u201ccommunity notes\u201d. These crowdsourced contributions allow users to flag content they believe is questionable. 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