{"id":75505,"date":"2025-01-13T00:33:38","date_gmt":"2025-01-13T05:33:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=75505"},"modified":"2025-01-13T00:33:38","modified_gmt":"2025-01-13T05:33:38","slug":"authoring-for-post-phders-the-problem-of-gift-authorship","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/authoring-for-post-phders-the-problem-of-gift-authorship\/","title":{"rendered":"Authoring for post\/PhDers \u2013 the problem of gift authorship"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

One of the most common questions I am asked, and that I hear being discussed in doctoral and ECR support groups, is whether to write with supervisors and former supervisors. Or most often, I read on social media about problems that come from writing with supervisors and former supervisors.<\/p>\n

Now, in some disciplines writing with a supervisor is not unusual. PhDers are expected to publish and they write under the close direction of their supervisor. And of course many PhDs by publication allow at least one paper to be co-written with the supervisor. This co-writing is intended to be a learning process where the more experienced supervisor teaches the PhDer about publishing practices through co-authoring.<\/p>\n

However, it is equally important for the Phder\/postPhDer to write by themselves. This is part of the process of becoming a scholar and building a scholarly identity. When you write a paper, or lead the writing of a paper, you are not simply learning how to be a scholar, you are acting as one. And seeing your first paper or your first lead paper in print is always a moment to celebrate. You and everyone else position you as an academic author.<\/p>\n

But the questions I get, and stories I read, are often about when a learning and\/or leading writing situation is rocky. It\u2019s always a PhDer or an immediate post PhDer writing one or more papers that come directly from their PhD. And very often a former supervisor demands to be listed as an author, even though they\u2019ve done none of the writing. They haven\u2019t been involved in discussing the paper, they haven\u2019t given feedback. They\u2019ve simply assumed and\/or asserted that it\u2019s their right to be listed as author. Or perhaps the supervisor has done a little bit of the work and then demands to be first author.<\/p>\n

This behaviour is all kinds of wrong. And don\u2019t just take my word for this. There are now any number of organisations which have outlined what it takes to have authorial credit. They all agree that to be credited as an author you need to have done some actual work.<\/p>\n

If, then, you are asked to include a supervisor who has done nothing on the paper, the first thing is that you need to know is how the scholarly community currently sees authorship.\u00a0This is\u00a0one version<\/a>\u00a0of how authorship credit is generally understood. You get to be an author if you meet ALL of the following conditions. You have:<\/p>\n

\n
\n
    \n
  1. Made a significant contribution to the work reported. That could be in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas.<\/li>\n
  2. Have drafted or written, substantially revised or critically reviewed the article.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  3. Have agreed on the journal to which the article will be submitted.<\/li>\n
  4. Reviewed and agreed on all versions of the article before submission, during revision, the final version accepted for publication, and any significant changes introduced at the proofing stage.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    And importantly, you<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Agree to take responsibility and be accountable for the contents of the article. Share responsibility to resolve any questions raised about the accuracy or integrity of the published work.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      These criteria still require interpretation \u2013 this is why it is common for co-authoring teams to discuss authorship as well as protocols for author order.<\/p>\n

      Asking for or giving credit where it\u2019s not warranted happens for several reasons. Perhaps the author of the paper wants to include the supervisor because they feel they couldn\u2019t have got to where they are without them, or they think that it will be an advantage to have them on the paper \u2013 their name will attract readers and citations. Or perhaps the supervisor has made it clear that they think they ought to be credited and\/or they need the publications in order to maintain their job or get promotion and\/or they are trying to improve their h-index and\/or their institution expects them to publish with PhDers.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      There are certainly other variations on these. But, regardless of the reasons why a supervisor asks or demands to be co-author, it\u2019s not OK. The practice is commonly known as\u00a0courtesy or gift authorship<\/strong>. While gifting authorship may have once been widespread, it is now generally frowned upon.<\/p>\n

      Yale University\u2019s<\/a>\u00a0explanation of gift authorship sums up the reasons why it is not OK:<\/p>\n

      \n
      \n

      \u201cIndividuals do not satisfy the criteria for authorship merely because they have made possible the conduct of the research and\/or the preparation of the manuscript. Under no circumstance should individuals be added as co-authors based on the individual\u2019s stature as an attempt to increase the likelihood of publication or credibility of the work. For example, heading a laboratory, research program, section, or department where the research takes place does not, by itself, warrant co-authorship of a scholarly paper. Nor should \u201cgift\u201d co-authorship be conferred on those whose only contributions have been to provide, for example, routine technical services, to refer patients or participants for a study, to provide a valuable reagent, to assist with data collection and assembly, or to review a completed manuscript for suggestions. Although not qualifying as co-authors, individuals who assist the research effort may warrant appropriate acknowledgement in the completed paper.<\/em><\/p>\n

      Senior faculty members should be named as co-authors on work independently generated by their junior colleagues only if they have made substantial intellectual contributions to the experimental design, interpretation of findings and manuscript preparation.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

      Gift authorship is unethical.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      If you are asked by a former supervisor to include them as author, you generally can\u2019t ignore it. It\u2019s Ok to feel conflicted and\/or afraid and\/or cross that you\u2019ve been put in this position. The most common advice that I see given in these circumstances is not to give in but politely but firmly inform the supervisor of the commonly agreed ethical position on authorship, using resources like the ones I have used in this post. And you may be able to get some immediate support from within your institution, or from support groups on social media platforms. I would also take the precaution of documenting everything.<\/p>\n

      There is always a chance that the supervisor will take your firm no\u00a0badly, and the relationship you have with them will be damaged. Remember that it is their action that has brought this about, not yours. If they try to exert more pressure, then it is possible that you may have to take further action, if ignoring their further requests\/demands doesn\u2019t work. Again hang onto the fact that it is their problem, not yours, and that refusal is the right thing to do.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0A worst case scenario is that it comes to a formal complaint. If this happens, your institution and theirs will have documented procedures and ways for you to get assistance in complaining.<\/p>\n

      There are of course infinite variations on the gift authorship scenario I have outlined. COPE, the Committee on Publication Ethics, has a very\u00a0useful collection of cases of authorship problems<\/a>\u00a0which are well worth checking out.<\/p>\n

      This is the first in a little series on authoring. The next post is on author order.<\/p>\n

      Additional\u00a0\u00a0resources:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      International Committee of Medical Journal Editors:\u00a0Defining the role of authors and contributors<\/a><\/p>\n

      Co Authorship in the Humanities and Social Sciences<\/a>: Taylor and Francis and Professor Bruce Macfarlane. A global aurvey and discussion of practices and issues<\/p>\n

      Australian Code for the responsible conduct of research<\/a><\/p>\n

      Advice for new researchers on handling authorship disputes<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 available to COPE members only, so ask your university library how to access.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      One of the most common questions I am asked, and that I hear being discussed in doctoral and ECR support groups, is whether to write with supervisors and former supervisors. Or most often, I read on social media about problems that come from writing with supervisors and former supervisors. 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