{"id":74750,"date":"2024-11-04T23:03:37","date_gmt":"2024-11-05T04:03:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=74750"},"modified":"2024-11-04T23:03:37","modified_gmt":"2024-11-05T04:03:37","slug":"the-evolutionary-benefits-of-being-forgetful","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-evolutionary-benefits-of-being-forgetful\/","title":{"rendered":"The evolutionary benefits of being forgetful"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Forgetting is part of our daily lives. You may walk into a room only to forget why you went in there \u2013 or perhaps someone says hi on the street and you can\u2019t remember their name.<\/p>\n

But why do we forget things? Is it simply a sign of memory impairment, or are there benefits?<\/p>\n

One of the earliest findings in this area highlighted that forgetting can occur simply because the average person\u2019s memories fade away. This comes from 19th century German psychologist\u00a0Hermann Ebbinghaus<\/a>, whose \u201cforgetting curve\u201d showed how most people forget the details of new information quite rapidly, but this tapers off over time. More recently, this has been\u00a0replicated by neuroscientists<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Cloud Assess<\/p><\/div>\n

Forgetting can also serve functional purposes, however. Our brains are bombarded with information constantly. If we were to remember every detail, it would become increasingly difficult to retain the important information.<\/p>\n

One of the ways<\/a>\u00a0that we avoid this is by not paying sufficient attention in the first place. Nobel prize winner\u00a0Eric Kandel<\/a>, and a host of subsequent research, suggest that\u00a0memories are formed<\/a>\u00a0when the connections (synapses) between the cells in the brain (the neurons) are strengthened.<\/p>\n

Paying attention to something can strengthen those connections and sustain that memory. This same mechanism enables us to forget all the irrelevant details that we encounter each day. So although people show\u00a0increased signs<\/a>\u00a0of being distracted as they age, and memory-related disorders such as\u00a0Alzheimer\u2019s disease<\/a>\u00a0are associated with attention impairments, we all need to be able to forget all the unimportant details in order to create memories.<\/p>\n

Handling new information<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Recalling a memory\u00a0can sometimes<\/a>\u00a0also lead to it changing for the purposes of coping with new information. Suppose your daily commute involves driving the same route every day. You probably have a strong memory for this route, with the underlying brain connections strengthened by each journey.<\/p>\n

But suppose one Monday, one of your usual roads is closed, and there\u2019s a new route for the next three weeks. Your memory for the journey needs to be flexible enough to incorporate this new information. One way in which the brain does this is by weakening some of the memory connections, while strengthening new additional connections to remember the new route.<\/p>\n

Clearly, an inability to update our memories would have significant negative consequences. Consider PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), where an inability to update or forget a traumatic memory means an individual is perpetually triggered by reminders in their environment.<\/p>\n

From an evolutionary standpoint, forgetting old memories in response to new information is undoubtedly beneficial. Our hunter-gatherer ancestors might have repeatedly visited a safe water hole, only to one day discover a rival settlement, or a bear with newborn cubs there. Their brains had to be able to update the memory to label this location as no longer safe. Failure to do so would have been a threat to their survival.<\/p>\n

Reactivating memories<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Sometimes, forgetting may not be due to memory loss, but to changes in our ability to access memories.\u00a0Rodent research<\/a>\u00a0has demonstrated how forgotten memories can be remembered (or reactivated) by supporting the synaptic connections mentioned above.<\/p>\n

Rodents were taught to associate something neutral (like a bell ringing) with something unpleasant (like a mild shock to the foot). After several repetitions, the rodents formed a \u201cfear memory\u201d where hearing the bell made them react as though they expected a shock. The researchers were able to isolate the neuronal connections which were activated by pairing the bell and the shock, in the part of the brain known as the amygdala.<\/p>\n

They then wondered if artificially activating these neurons would make the rodents act as if they expected their foot to be shocked even if there was no bell and no shock. They did this using a technique called optogenetic stimulation, which involves using light and genetic engineering, and showed that it was indeed possible to activate (and subsequently inactivate) such memories.<\/p>\n

One way that this might be relevant to humans is through a type of transient forgetting which might not be due to memory loss. Return to the earlier example where you see someone in the street and can\u2019t remember their name. Perhaps you believe you know the first letter, and you\u2019ll get the name in a moment. This is known as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.<\/p>\n

When this\u00a0was originally studied<\/a>\u00a0by American psychologists Roger Brown and David McNeill in the 1960s, they reported that people\u2019s ability to identify aspects of the missing word was better than chance. This suggested that the information was not fully forgotten.<\/p>\n

One theory<\/a>\u00a0is that the phenomenon occurs as a result of weakened connections in memory between the words and their meanings, reflecting difficulty in remembering the desired information.<\/p>\n

However, another possibility is that the phenomenon\u00a0might serve<\/a>\u00a0as a signal to the individual that the information is not forgotten, only currently inaccessible.<\/p>\n

This might explain why it\u00a0occurs more frequently<\/a>\u00a0as people age and become more knowledgeable, meaning their brains have to sort through more information to remember something. The tip of the tongue phenomenon might be their brain\u2019s means of letting them know that the desired information is not forgotten, and that perseverance may lead to successful remembering.<\/p>\n

In sum, we may forget information for a host of reasons. Because we weren\u2019t paying attention or because information decays over time. We may forget in order to update memories. And sometimes forgotten information is not permanently lost, but rather inaccessible. All these forms of forgetting help our brain to function efficiently, and have supported our survival over many generations.<\/p>\n

This is certainly not to minimise the\u00a0negative outcomes<\/a>\u00a0caused by people becoming very forgetful (for example, through Alzheimer\u2019s disease). Nonetheless, forgetting has its evolutionary advantages. We only hope that you\u2019ve found this article sufficiently interesting that you won\u2019t forget its contents in a hurry.<\/p>\n

Author Bios:<\/strong> Sven Vanneste is Professor of Clinical Neuroscience and Elva Arulchelvan is a Lecturer in Psychology and PhD Researcher in Psychology and Neuroscience both at Trinity College Dublin<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Forgetting is part of our daily lives. You may walk into a room only to forget why you went in there \u2013 or perhaps someone says hi on the street and you can\u2019t remember their name. But why do we forget things? Is it simply a sign of memory impairment, or are there benefits? One […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[434826],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-74750","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lifestyle","tag-forgetting"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe evolutionary benefits of being forgetful - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-evolutionary-benefits-of-being-forgetful\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The evolutionary benefits of being forgetful - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Forgetting is part of our daily lives. 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