{"id":74724,"date":"2024-10-31T23:11:44","date_gmt":"2024-11-01T03:11:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=74724"},"modified":"2024-10-31T23:11:44","modified_gmt":"2024-11-01T03:11:44","slug":"deaths-linked-to-chatbots-show-we-must-urgently-revisit-what-counts-as-high-risk-ai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/deaths-linked-to-chatbots-show-we-must-urgently-revisit-what-counts-as-high-risk-ai\/","title":{"rendered":"Deaths linked to chatbots show we must urgently revisit what counts as \u2018high-risk\u2019 AI"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Last week, the\u00a0tragic news broke<\/a>\u00a0that US teenager Sewell Seltzer III took his own life after forming a deep emotional attachment to an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot on the Character.AI website.<\/p>\n

As his relationship with the companion AI became increasingly intense, the 14-year-old began withdrawing from family and friends, and was getting in trouble at school.<\/p>\n

In a lawsuit<\/a>\u00a0filed against Character.AI by the boy\u2019s mother, chat transcripts show intimate and often highly sexual conversations between Sewell and the chatbot Dany, modelled on the Game of Thrones character Danaerys Targaryen. They discussed crime and suicide, and the chatbot used phrases such as \u201cthat\u2019s not a reason not to go through with it\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"\"

A screenshot of a chat exchange between Sewell and the chatbot Dany. ‘Megan Garcia vs. Character AI’ lawsuit<\/p><\/div>\n

This is not the first known instance of a vulnerable person dying by suicide after interacting with a chatbot persona. A Belgian man took his life last year in a\u00a0similar episode<\/a>\u00a0involving Character.AI\u2019s main competitor, Chai AI. When this happened, the company told the media they were \u201cworking our hardest to minimise harm\u201d.<\/p>\n

In a statement to CNN<\/a>, Character.AI has stated they \u201ctake the safety of our users very seriously\u201d and have introduced \u201cnumerous new safety measures over the past six months\u201d.<\/p>\n

In a separate statement on the company\u2019s website, they\u00a0outline additional safety measures<\/a>\u00a0for users under the age of 18. (In their current terms of service,\u00a0the age restriction is 16 for European Union citizens<\/a>\u00a0and 13 elsewhere in the world.)<\/p>\n

However, these tragedies starkly illustrate the dangers of rapidly developing and widely available AI systems anyone can converse and interact with. We urgently need regulation to protect people from potentially dangerous, irresponsibly designed AI systems.<\/p>\n

How can we regulate AI?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The Australian government is in\u00a0the process of developing mandatory guardrails<\/a>\u00a0for high-risk AI systems. A trendy term in the world of AI governance, \u201cguardrails\u201d refer to processes in the design, development and deployment of AI systems. These include measures such as data governance, risk management, testing, documentation and human oversight.<\/p>\n

One of the decisions the Australian government must make is how to define which systems are \u201chigh-risk\u201d, and therefore captured by the guardrails.<\/p>\n

The government is also considering whether guardrails should apply to all \u201cgeneral purpose models\u201d. General purpose models are the engine under the hood of AI chatbots like Dany: AI algorithms that can generate text, images, videos and music from user prompts, and can be adapted for use in a variety of contexts.<\/p>\n

In the European Union\u2019s groundbreaking\u00a0AI Act<\/a>, high-risk systems are defined using a\u00a0list<\/a>, which regulators are empowered to regularly update.<\/p>\n

An alternative is a principles-based approach, where a high-risk designation happens on a case-by-case basis. It would depend on multiple factors such as the risks of adverse impacts on rights, risks to physical or mental health, risks of legal impacts, and the severity and extent of those risks.<\/p>\n

Chatbots should be \u2018high-risk\u2019 AI<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In Europe, companion AI systems like Character.AI and Chai are not designated as high-risk. Essentially, their providers only need to\u00a0let users know<\/a>\u00a0they are interacting with an AI system.<\/p>\n

It has become clear, though, that companion chatbots are not low risk. Many users of these applications are\u00a0children and teens<\/a>. Some of the systems have even been\u00a0marketed to people who are lonely or have a mental illness<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Chatbots are capable of generating unpredictable, inappropriate and manipulative content. They mimic toxic relationships all too easily. Transparency \u2013 labelling the output as AI-generated \u2013 is not enough to manage these risks.<\/p>\n

Even when we are aware that we are talking to chatbots, human beings are psychologically primed to\u00a0attribute human traits<\/a>\u00a0to something we converse with.<\/p>\n

The suicide deaths reported in the media could be just the tip of the iceberg. We have no way of knowing how many vulnerable people are in addictive, toxic or even dangerous relationships with chatbots.<\/p>\n

Guardrails and an \u2018off switch\u2019<\/strong><\/h4>\n

When Australia finally introduces mandatory guardrails for high-risk AI systems, which may happen as early as next year, the guardrails should apply to both companion chatbots and the general purpose models the chatbots are built upon.<\/p>\n

Guardrails \u2013 risk management, testing, monitoring \u2013 will be most effective if they get to the human heart of AI hazards. Risks from chatbots are not just technical risks with technical solutions.<\/p>\n

Apart from the words a chatbot might use, the context of the product matters, too. In the case of Character.AI, the marketing promises to\u00a0\u201cempower\u201d people<\/a>, the interface mimics an ordinary text message exchange with a person, and the platform allows users to select from a range of pre-made characters, which include some problematic personas.<\/p>\n

\"\"

The front page of the Character.AI website for a user who has entered their age as 17. C.AI<\/p><\/div>\n

Truly effective AI guardrails should mandate more than just responsible processes, like risk management and testing. They also must demand thoughtful, humane design of interfaces, interactions and relationships between AI systems and their human users.<\/p>\n

Even then, guardrails may not be enough. Just like companion chatbots, systems that at first appear to be low risk may cause unanticipated harms.<\/p>\n

Regulators should have the power to remove AI systems from the market if they cause harm or pose unacceptable risks. In other words, we don\u2019t just need guardrails for high risk AI. We also need an off switch.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Henry Fraser is a Research Fellow in Law, Accountability and Data Science at Queensland University of Technology<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Last week, the\u00a0tragic news broke\u00a0that US teenager Sewell Seltzer III took his own life after forming a deep emotional attachment to an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot on the Character.AI website. As his relationship with the companion AI became increasingly intense, the 14-year-old began withdrawing from family and friends, and was getting in trouble at school. […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[434804],"tags":[435143],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-74724","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-artificial-intelligence","tag-high-risk-ai"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDeaths linked to chatbots show we must urgently revisit what counts as \u2018high-risk\u2019 AI - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/deaths-linked-to-chatbots-show-we-must-urgently-revisit-what-counts-as-high-risk-ai\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Deaths linked to chatbots show we must urgently revisit what counts as \u2018high-risk\u2019 AI - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Last week, the\u00a0tragic news broke\u00a0that US teenager Sewell Seltzer III took his own life after forming a deep emotional attachment to an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot on the Character.AI website. 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