{"id":72771,"date":"2024-05-09T00:07:17","date_gmt":"2024-05-09T04:07:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=72771"},"modified":"2024-05-09T00:07:17","modified_gmt":"2024-05-09T04:07:17","slug":"why-are-algorithms-called-algorithms-a-brief-history-of-the-persian-polymath-youve-likely-never-heard-of","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/why-are-algorithms-called-algorithms-a-brief-history-of-the-persian-polymath-youve-likely-never-heard-of\/","title":{"rendered":"Why are algorithms called algorithms? A brief history of the Persian polymath you\u2019ve likely never heard of"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Algorithms have become integral to our lives. From social media apps to Netflix, algorithms learn your preferences and prioritise the content you are shown. Google Maps and artificial intelligence are nothing without algorithms.<\/p>\n

So, we\u2019ve all heard of them, but where does the word \u201calgorithm\u201d even come from?<\/p>\n

Over 1,000 years before the internet and smartphone apps, Persian scientist and polymath Muhammad ibn M\u016bs\u0101 al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b invented the concept of algorithms.<\/p>\n

In fact, the word itself comes from the Latinised version of his name, \u201calgorithmi\u201d. And, as you might suspect, it\u2019s also related to algebra.<\/p>\n

Largely lost to time<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b lived from 780 to 850 CE, during the\u00a0Islamic Golden Age<\/a>. He is considered the \u201cfather of algebra<\/a>\u201d, and for some, the \u201cgrandfather of computer science<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Yet, few details are known about his life. Many of his original works in Arabic have been lost to time.<\/p>\n

It is believed al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b was born in the\u00a0Khwarazm region<\/a>\u00a0south of the Aral Sea in present-day Uzbekistan. He lived during the Abbasid Caliphate, which was a time of remarkable scientific progress in the Islamic Empire.<\/p>\n

Al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b made important\u00a0contributions<\/a>\u00a0to mathematics, geography, astronomy and trigonometry. To help provide a more accurate world map, he corrected Alexandrian polymath Ptolemy\u2019s classic cartography book, Geographia.<\/p>\n

He produced calculations for tracking the movement of the Sun, Moon and planets. He also wrote about trigonometric functions and produced the first table of tangents.<\/p>\n

Al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b was a scholar in the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah<\/a>) in Baghdad. At this\u00a0intellectual hub<\/a>, scholars were translating knowledge from around the world into Arabic, synthesising it to make meaningful progress in a range of disciplines. This included mathematics, a field\u00a0deeply connected to Islam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The \u2018father of algebra\u2019<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b was a polymath and a religious man. His scientific writings started with dedications to Allah and the Prophet Muhammad. And\u00a0one of the major projects<\/a>\u00a0Islamic mathematicians undertook at the House of Wisdom was to develop algebra.<\/p>\n

Around 830 CE,\u00a0Caliph al-Ma\u2019mun<\/a>\u00a0encouraged al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b to write a\u00a0treatise on algebra<\/a>, Al-Jabr (or The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing). This became his most important work.<\/p>\n

At this point, \u201calgebra\u201d had been around for hundreds of years, but al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b was the first to write a definitive book on it. His work was meant to be a practical teaching tool. Its\u00a0Latin translation<\/a>\u00a0was the basis for algebra textbooks in European universities until the 16th century.<\/p>\n

In the first part, he introduced the concepts and rules of algebra, and methods for calculating the volumes and areas of shapes. In the second part he provided real-life problems and worked out solutions, such as inheritance cases, the partition of land and calculations for trade.<\/p>\n

Al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b didn\u2019t use modern-day mathematical notation with numbers and symbols. Instead, he\u00a0wrote in simple prose<\/a>\u00a0and employed geometric diagrams:<\/p>\n

Four roots are equal to twenty, then one root is equal to five, and the square to be formed of it is twenty-five, or half the root is equal to ten.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In modern-day notation we\u2019d write that like so:<\/p>\n

4x = 20, x = 5, x2<\/sup>\u00a0= 25, x \/ 2 = 10<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Grandfather of computer science<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b\u2019s mathematical writings introduced the\u00a0Hindu-Arabic numerals<\/a>\u00a0to Western mathematicians. These are the ten symbols we all use today: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0.<\/p>\n

The Hindu-Arabic numerals are important to the history of computing because they use the number zero and a base-ten decimal system. Importantly, this is the\u00a0numeral system<\/a>\u00a0that underpins modern computing technology.<\/p>\n

Al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b\u2019s art of calculating mathematical problems laid the foundation for the\u00a0concept of algorithms<\/a>. He provided the first detailed explanations for using\u00a0decimal notation<\/a>\u00a0to perform the four basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and computing fractions.<\/p>\n

This was a more efficient computation method than using the abacus. To solve a mathematical equation, al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b systematically moved through a sequence of steps to find the answer. This is the underlying concept of an algorithm.<\/p>\n

Algorism<\/a>, a Medieval Latin term named after al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b, refers to the rules for performing arithmetic using the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. Translated to Latin, al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b\u2019s book on Hindu numerals was titled Algorithmi de Numero Indorum.<\/p>\n

In the early 20th century, the word algorithm came\u00a0into its current definition<\/a>\u00a0and usage: \u201ca procedure for solving a mathematical problem in a finite number of steps; a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem\u201d.<\/p>\n

Muhammad ibn M\u016bs\u0101 al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b played a central role in the development of mathematics and computer science as we know them today.<\/p>\n

The next time you use any digital technology \u2013 from your social media feed to your online bank account to your Spotify app \u2013 remember that none of it would be possible without the pioneering work of an ancient Persian polymath.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Debbie Passey is a Digital Health Research Fellow at The University of Melbourne<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Algorithms have become integral to our lives. From social media apps to Netflix, algorithms learn your preferences and prioritise the content you are shown. Google Maps and artificial intelligence are nothing without algorithms. So, we\u2019ve all heard of them, but where does the word \u201calgorithm\u201d even come from? Over 1,000 years before the internet and […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[12594],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-72771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","tag-algorithms"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhy are algorithms called algorithms? 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From social media apps to Netflix, algorithms learn your preferences and prioritise the content you are shown. Google Maps and artificial intelligence are nothing without algorithms. So, we\u2019ve all heard of them, but where does the word \u201calgorithm\u201d even come from? 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