{"id":72365,"date":"2024-04-03T00:15:41","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T04:15:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=72365"},"modified":"2024-04-03T00:15:41","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T04:15:41","slug":"chinas-universities-just-grabbed-8-of-the-top-10-spots-in-one-worldwide-science-ranking-without-changing-a-thing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/chinas-universities-just-grabbed-8-of-the-top-10-spots-in-one-worldwide-science-ranking-without-changing-a-thing\/","title":{"rendered":"China\u2019s universities just grabbed 8 of the top 10 spots in one worldwide science ranking \u2013 without changing a thing"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

University leaders pay close attention to comparative rankings such as those offered by\u00a0Times Higher Education<\/a>,\u00a0ShanghaiRanking Consultancy<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0others<\/a>. Rankings influence student matriculation numbers, attract talented faculty and\u00a0justify donations from wealthy donors<\/a>.\u00a0University leaders rail against them<\/a>, and\u00a0some schools \u201cwithdraw\u201d from them<\/a>, but rankings are influential.<\/p>\n

A radical shift in the data underlying rankings is about to upend the rankings world \u2013 largely in favor of China\u2019s position.<\/p>\n

For instance, in early 2024, the Leiden University Center for Science and Technology Studies\u00a0CWTS group<\/a>\u00a0issued new university rankings that add open-data sources to the traditional curated list of elite journals that has been the standard. The results show a world turned upside down for university rankings.<\/p>\n

Where once the list of universities with the highest scientific impact would have been Oxford, Stanford, Harvard and MIT, the new top 10 list of universities with high scientific impact includes eight universities from China. Only Harvard and the University of Toronto hold onto a top-10 spot.<\/p>\n

China dominates new academic rankings based on open-access research<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Traditional rankings, like those done by ShanghaiRanking, use researchers’ publications in a curated group of elite academic journals to create a list of the “best” and most prestigious universities. Switching to include a much larger group of open-access journal publications results in an almost entirely different Top 20, as clear in CWTS Leiden’s Ranking. Both lists are for 2023.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

What does this transformation mean for understanding scholarly excellence? I study the global research system and its contribution to social welfare.\u00a0China\u2019s swift progress in science and technology<\/a>, propelled by investments in research and university strength, has\u00a0alarmed the United States and other nations<\/a>. Concerns are mounting that the\u00a0U.S. may be losing its competitive advantage<\/a>\u00a0to an assertive rival, with potential implications for national security, economic standing and global influence. These new rankings will likely raise even more alarm.<\/p>\n

Broader range of more sources<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The rankings programs draw heavily upon quantitative assessments called \u201cindicators.\u201d A glance at the influential ShanghaiRanking criteria shows the\u00a0inputs to its assessment include<\/a>\u00a0\u201cpapers indexed in major citation indices.\u201d The popular indices draw from a highly curated set of scholarly journals such as\u00a0Cell<\/a>,\u00a0The Lancet<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Chemical Reviews<\/a>. The most reputed index collecting information on these and other journals is the\u00a0Web of Science<\/a>\u2019s Science Citation Index, or SCI, a product of careful standardization and data enrichment by\u00a0Clarivate<\/a>.<\/p>\n

SCI represents\u00a0only a fraction of the work published worldwide<\/a>, though. Among other\u00a0critiques<\/a>, many people decry the SCI\u2019s exclusivity and its perceived\u00a0Western bias<\/a>.<\/p>\n

But careful curation makes it the gold standard of academic indexing and one that journals and authors aspire to join. Its value is in its replicability: It is possible to dip into it multiple times using different search strategies and produce comparable results.<\/p>\n

Reliance on curated databases is about to end with the introduction of rankings based on open data like that collected by\u00a0OpenAlex<\/a>. OpenAlex claims to include over 100,000 journals \u2013 of highly varying quality and editorial practices \u2013 compared with SCI\u2019s 9,200. All data in OpenAlex has been\u00a0released into the public domain<\/a>\u00a0with the laudable goal of making research freely available to all. The downside is that this wider net sweeps in\u00a0predatory journals<\/a>\u00a0that exploit researchers and undermine the quality and integrity of scholarly communication.<\/p>\n

Reflecting China\u2019s research productivity<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The volume of scholarly articles represented in the open databases has a mighty influence on China\u2019s position in the open-source rankings. Chinese scholars produce a vast body of written work, some in English, some in Chinese; estimates of percentage shares for language range widely, but hover around 50-50. As China has\u00a0invested in education and grown its science and engineering<\/a>\u00a0capacity, many more people turn out scholarly articles.<\/p>\n

From a very small number in the 1980s,\u00a0China had 2.2 million scientists and engineers<\/a>\u00a0by 2023, based on UNESCO data. China\u2019s scholarly output of scientific and engineering articles shows a very rapid rise since the 1990s, with growth outpacing all other nations.\u00a0Quality has lagged quantity<\/a>, but China is outproducing the United States in the total number of scientific publications in the Web of Science, by my count \u2013 a shift in leadership not seen since the U.S. overtook the U.K. in 1948.<\/p>\n

Although the numbers are dated, when\u00a0I counted China\u2019s scholarly publishing in 2010<\/a>, my colleague and I estimated that between 2000 and 2009, China published around 1 million scientific papers that were not captured by the Web of Science. That means they didn\u2019t \u201ccount\u201d toward traditional rankings. These publications are counted in the new open databases. Many of the papers included in open-source or open-access journals will not be considered of high quality; nonetheless, they become part of the written record.<\/p>\n

Open-access publishing services have grown rapidly and offer fast publication times, but there are questions about the quality of their journals. Open publishing services\u00a0such as MDPI and Frontiers<\/a>\u00a0have an outsized number of Chinese contributors compared to those from other countries.<\/p>\n

The open-access services often include content from potential\u00a0paper mills<\/a>, businesses manufacturing what look like scholarly manuscripts for sale. Despite concerns about the reputation and editorial practices of these publishers and editors, there\u2019s little oversight. These services are flooding the publishing world with vast numbers of lower-quality articles.<\/p>\n

Chinese researchers and their sponsoring institutions put a huge premium on publishing in international journals, even those hosted by questionable publishers.\u00a0Citation stacking practices<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 when authors cite the works of co-nationals to raise their citation profiles \u2013 skew counts to enhance China\u2019s performance.<\/p>\n

China is attempting to address malign practices. To its credit, China\u2019s government recently announced the\u00a0retraction of 17,000 articles<\/a>\u00a0with a Chinese author or co-author. Efforts are underway to enhance quality. Governmental payments to researchers for articles in\u00a0ranked journals are being sunsetted<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Despite the quality questions, the numbers alone will push China up the rankings lists. This rapid shift will enhance China\u2019s position relative to the rest of the world. In itself, the rise does not reflect a change in quality, status or output, but it will continue to stoke the fires of\u00a0those alarmed by the rise of China in world science<\/a>, technology and innovation circles, and perhaps put rankings further into question.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Caroline Wagner is Professor of Public Affairs at The Ohio State University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

University leaders pay close attention to comparative rankings such as those offered by\u00a0Times Higher Education,\u00a0ShanghaiRanking Consultancy\u00a0and\u00a0others. Rankings influence student matriculation numbers, attract talented faculty and\u00a0justify donations from wealthy donors.\u00a0University leaders rail against them, and\u00a0some schools \u201cwithdraw\u201d from them, but rankings are influential. A radical shift in the data underlying rankings is about to upend the […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[12055],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-72365","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-university-rankings"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChina\u2019s universities just grabbed 8 of the top 10 spots in one worldwide science ranking \u2013 without changing a thing - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/chinas-universities-just-grabbed-8-of-the-top-10-spots-in-one-worldwide-science-ranking-without-changing-a-thing\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"China\u2019s universities just grabbed 8 of the top 10 spots in one worldwide science ranking \u2013 without changing a thing - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"University leaders pay close attention to comparative rankings such as those offered by\u00a0Times Higher Education,\u00a0ShanghaiRanking Consultancy\u00a0and\u00a0others. 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