{"id":71974,"date":"2024-03-07T00:11:23","date_gmt":"2024-03-07T05:11:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=71974"},"modified":"2024-03-07T00:11:23","modified_gmt":"2024-03-07T05:11:23","slug":"fake-academic-papers-are-on-the-rise-why-theyre-a-danger-and-how-to-stop-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/fake-academic-papers-are-on-the-rise-why-theyre-a-danger-and-how-to-stop-them\/","title":{"rendered":"Fake academic papers are on the rise: why they\u2019re a danger and how to stop them"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

In the 1800s, British colonists in India set about trying to reduce the cobra population, which was making life and trade very difficult in Delhi. They began to pay a bounty for dead cobras. The strategy\u00a0very quickly resulted in the widespread breeding of cobras for cash<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This danger of unintended consequences is sometimes referred to as the \u201ccobra effect<\/a>\u201d. It can also be well summed up by\u00a0Goodhardt\u2019s Law<\/a>, named after British economist Charles Goodhart. He stated that, when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.<\/p>\n

The cobra effect has taken root in the world of research. The \u201cpublish or perish\u201d culture, which values publications and citations above all, has resulted in its own myriad of \u201ccobra breeding programmes\u201d. That includes the widespread practice of questionable research practices, like playing up the impact of research findings to make work more attractive to publishers.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s also led to the rise of paper mills, criminal organisations that sell academic authorship.\u00a0A report on the subject<\/a>\u00a0describes paper mills as (the)
\nprocess by which manufactured manuscripts are submitted to a journal for a fee on behalf of researchers with the purpose of providing an easy publication for them, or to offer authorship for sale.<\/em><\/p>\n

These fake papers have serious consequences for research and its impact on society. Not all fake papers are retracted. And even those that are often still make their way into systematic literature reviews which are, in turn, used to draw up policy guidelines, clinical guidelines, and funding agendas.<\/p>\n

How paper mills work<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Paper mills rely on the desperation of researchers \u2014 often young, often overworked, often on the peripheries of academia struggling to overcome the high obstacles to entry \u2014 to fuel their business model.<\/p>\n

They are frighteningly successful. The website of one such company based in Latvia advertises the publication of more than 12,650 articles since its launch in 2012. In\u00a0an analysis<\/a>\u00a0of just two journals jointly conducted by the Committee on Publications Ethics and the International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers, more than half of the 3440 article submissions over a two-year period were found to be fake.<\/p>\n

It is\u00a0estimated<\/a>\u00a0that all journals, irrespective of discipline, experience a steeply rising number of fake paper submissions. Currently the rate is about 2%. That may sound small. But, given the large and growing amount of scholarly publications it means that a lot of fake papers are published. Each of these can seriously damage patients, society or nature when applied in practice.<\/p>\n

The fight against fake papers<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Many individuals and organisations are fighting back against paper mills.<\/p>\n

The scientific community is lucky enough to have several \u201cfake paper detectives\u201d who volunteer their time to root out fake papers from the literature.\u00a0Elizabeth Bik<\/a>, for instance, is a Dutch microbiologist turned science integrity consultant. She dedicates much of her time to searching the biomedical literature for manipulated photographic images or plagiarised text. There are\u00a0others<\/a>\u00a0doing this work<\/a>, too.<\/p>\n

Organisations such as\u00a0PubPeer<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Retraction Watch<\/a>\u00a0also play vital roles in flagging fake papers and pressuring publishers to retract them.<\/p>\n

These and other initiatives, like the\u00a0STM Integrity Hub<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0United2Act<\/a>, in which publishers collaborate with other stakeholders, are trying to make a difference.<\/p>\n

But this is a deeply ingrained problem. The use of generative artificial intelligence like ChatGPT will help the detectives \u2013 but will also likely result in more fake papers which are now more easy to produce and more difficult or even impossible to detect.<\/p>\n

Stop paying for dead cobras<\/strong><\/h4>\n

They key to changing this culture is a switch in researcher assessment.<\/p>\n

Researchers must be acknowledged and rewarded for responsible research practices: a focus on transparency and accountability, high quality teaching, good supervision, and excellent peer review. This will extend the scope of activities that yield \u201ccareer points\u201d and shift the emphasis of assessment from quantity to quality.<\/p>\n

Fortunately, several initiatives and strategies already exist to focus on a balanced set of performance indicators that matter. The\u00a0San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment<\/a>, established in 2012, calls on the research community to recognise and reward various research outputs, beyond just publication. The\u00a0Hong Kong Principles<\/a>, formulated and endorsed at the 6th World Conference in Research Integrity in 2019, encourage research evaluations that incentivise responsible research practices while minimise perverse incentives that drive practices like purchasing authorship or falsifying data.<\/p>\n

These issues, as well as others related to protecting the integrity of research and building trust in it, will also be discussed during the\u00a08th World Conference on Research Integrity<\/a>\u00a0in Athens, Greece in June this year.<\/p>\n

Openness<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Practices under the umbrella of \u201cOpen Science<\/a>\u201d will be pivotal to making the research process more transparent and researchers more accountable. Open Science is the umbrella term for a movement consisting of initiatives to make scholarly research more transparent and equitable, ranging from open access publication to citizen science.<\/p>\n

Open Methods, for example, involves the\u00a0pre-registration<\/a>\u00a0of a study design\u2019s essential features before its start. A\u00a0registered report<\/a>\u00a0containing the introduction and methods section is submitted to a journal before data collection starts. It is subsequently accepted or rejected based on the relevance of the research, as well as the methodology\u2019s strength.<\/p>\n

The added benefit of a registered report is that reviewer feedback on the methodology can still change the study methods, as the data collection hasn\u2019t started. Research can then begin without pressure to achieve positive results, removing the incentive to tweak or falsify data.<\/p>\n

Peer review<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Peer reviewers are an important line of defence against the publication of fatally flawed or fake papers. In this system, quality assurance of a paper is done on a completely voluntary and often anonymous basis by an expert in the relevant field or subject.<\/p>\n

However, the person doing the review work receives no credit or reward. It\u2019s crucial that this sort of \u201cinvisible\u201d work in academia be recognised, celebrated and included among the criteria for promotion. This can contribute substantially to detecting questionable research practices (or worse) before publication.<\/p>\n

It will incentivise good peer review, so fewer suspect articles pass through the process, and it will also open more paths to success in academia \u2013 thus breaking up the toxic publish-or-perish culture.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Lex Bouter is Professor of Methodology and Integrity at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In the 1800s, British colonists in India set about trying to reduce the cobra population, which was making life and trade very difficult in Delhi. They began to pay a bounty for dead cobras. The strategy\u00a0very quickly resulted in the widespread breeding of cobras for cash. This danger of unintended consequences is sometimes referred to […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86115],"tags":[434861],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-71974","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research","tag-paper-mills"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFake academic papers are on the rise: why they\u2019re a danger and how to stop them - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/fake-academic-papers-are-on-the-rise-why-theyre-a-danger-and-how-to-stop-them\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fake academic papers are on the rise: why they\u2019re a danger and how to stop them - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In the 1800s, British colonists in India set about trying to reduce the cobra population, which was making life and trade very difficult in Delhi. 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