{"id":71522,"date":"2024-02-02T00:21:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-02T05:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=71522"},"modified":"2024-02-02T00:21:00","modified_gmt":"2024-02-02T05:21:00","slug":"are-social-media-apps-dangerous-products-2-scholars-explain-how-the-companies-rely-on-young-users-but-fail-to-protect-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/are-social-media-apps-dangerous-products-2-scholars-explain-how-the-companies-rely-on-young-users-but-fail-to-protect-them\/","title":{"rendered":"Are social media apps \u2018dangerous products\u2019? 2 scholars explain how the companies rely on young users but fail to protect them"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71523\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/social-media-apps.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/social-media-apps.jpg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/social-media-apps-250x188.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou have blood on your hands.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI\u2019m sorry for everything you have all been through.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>These quotes, the first from Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., speaking to Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg, and the second from Zuckerberg to families of victims of online child abuse in the audience, are highlights from an extraordinary day of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.judiciary.senate.gov\/committee-activity\/hearings\/big-tech-and-the-online-child-sexual-exploitation-crisis\">testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee <\/a>about protecting children online.<\/p>\n<p>But perhaps the most telling quote from the Jan. 31, 2024, hearing came not from the CEOs of Meta, TikTok, X, Discord or Snap but from Sen. Graham in his opening statement: Social media platforms \u201cas they are currently designed and operate are dangerous products.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>We are\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?hl=en&amp;user=yu4Ew7gAAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works&amp;sortby=pubdate\">university researchers<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?hl=en&amp;user=AkbGPz4AAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works&amp;sortby=pubdate\">who study<\/a>\u00a0how social media organizes news, information and communities. Whether or not social media apps meet the legal definition of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/unreasonably-dangerous.html\">unreasonably dangerous products<\/a>,\u201d the social media companies\u2019 business models do rely on having millions of young users. At the same time, we believe that the companies have not invested sufficient resources to effectively protect those users.<\/p>\n<p>Mobile device use by children and teens\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.edweek.org\/leadership\/kids-screen-time-rose-during-the-pandemic-and-stayed-high-thats-a-problem\/2023\/02\">skyrocketed during the pandemic and has stayed high<\/a>. Naturally, teens want to be where their friends are, be it the skate park or on social media. In 2022, there were an estimated 49.8 million users age 17 and under of YouTube, 19 million of TikTok, 18 million of Snapchat, 16.7 million of Instagram, 9.9 million of Facebook and 7 million of Twitter,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295337\">according to a recent study<\/a>\u00a0by researchers at Harvard\u2019s Chan School of Public Health.<\/p>\n<p>Teens are a significant revenue source for social media companies. Revenue from users 17 and under of social media\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295337\">was US$11 billion<\/a>\u00a0in 2022, according to the Chan School study. Instagram netted nearly $5 billion, while TikTok and YouTube each accrued over $2 billion. Teens mean green.<\/p>\n<p>Social media poses a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychiatrist.com\/news\/surgeon-general-advisory-social-media-poses-profound-risk-of-harm-to-kids\/\">range of risks for teens<\/a>, from exposing them to harassment, bullying and sexual exploitation to encouraging eating disorders and suicidal ideation. For Congress to take meaningful action on protecting children online, we identify three issues that need to be accounted for: age, business model and content moderation.<br \/>\n<center><iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yUAfRod2xgI\" title=\"Mark Zuckerberg Apologizes to Families\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>>\/center><\/p>\n<h4><strong>How old are you?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Social media companies have an incentive to look the other way in terms of their users\u2019 ages. Otherwise they would have to spend the resources to moderate their content appropriately. Millions of underage users \u2013 those under 13 \u2013 are an \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/11\/25\/technology\/instagram-meta-children-privacy.html\">open secret<\/a>\u201d at Meta. Meta has\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2022\/06\/new-ways-to-verify-age-on-instagram\/\">described some potential strategies<\/a>\u00a0to verify user ages, like requiring identification or video selfies, and using AI to guess their age based on \u201cHappy Birthday\u201d messages.<\/p>\n<p>However, the accuracy of these methods is not publicly open to scrutiny, so it\u2019s difficult to audit them independently.<\/p>\n<p>Meta has stated that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2023\/11\/online-teen-safety-legislation-is-needed\/\">online teen safety legislation is needed<\/a>\u00a0to prevent harm, but the company points to app stores, currently dominated by Apple and Google, as the place where age verification should happen. However, these guardrails can be easily circumvented by accessing a social media platform\u2019s website rather than its app.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>New generations of customers<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Teen adoption is crucial for continued growth of all social media platforms. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/the-facebook-files-11631713039?mod=bigtop-breadcrumb\">Facebook Files<\/a>, an investigation based on a review of company documents, showed that Instagram\u2019s growth strategy relies on teens helping family members, particularly younger siblings, get on the platform. Meta claims it optimizes for \u201cmeaningful social interaction,\u201d prioritizing family and friends\u2019 content over other interests. However, Instagram allows pseudonymity and multiple accounts, which makes parental oversight even more difficult.<\/p>\n<p>On Nov. 7, 2023,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.judiciary.senate.gov\/imo\/media\/doc\/2023-11-07_-_testimony_-_bejar.pdf\">Auturo Bejar<\/a>, a former senior engineer at Facebook, testified before Congress. At Meta he surveyed teen Instagram users and found 24% of 13- to 15-year-olds said they had received unwanted advances within the past seven days, a fact he characterizes as \u201clikely the largest-scale sexual harassment of teens to have ever happened.\u201d Meta has since\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2024\/01\/introducing-stricter-message-settings-for-teens-on-instagram-and-facebook\/\">implemented restrictions<\/a>\u00a0on direct messaging in its products for underage users.<\/p>\n<p>But to be clear, widespread harassment, bullying and solicitation is a part of the landscape of social media, and it\u2019s going to take more than parents and app stores to rein it in.<\/p>\n<p>Meta recently announced that it is aiming to provide teens with \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2024\/01\/teen-protections-age-appropriate-experiences-on-our-apps\/\">age-appropriate experiences<\/a>,\u201d in part by prohibiting searches for terms related to suicide, self-harm and eating disorders. However, these steps don\u2019t stop online communities that promote these harmful behaviors from flourishing on the company\u2019s social media platforms. It takes a carefully trained team of human moderators to monitor and enforce terms of service violations for dangerous groups.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Content moderation<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Social media companies point to the promise of artificial intelligence to moderate content and provide safety on their platforms, but AI is not a silver bullet for managing human behavior. Communities adapt quickly to AI moderation, augmenting banned words with purposeful misspellings and creating backup accounts to prevent getting kicked off a platform.<\/p>\n<p>Human content moderation is also problematic, given social media companies\u2019 business models and practices. Since 2022,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2024\/01\/25\/tech-layoffs-2023-list\/\">social media companies<\/a>\u00a0have implemented massive layoffs that struck at the heart of their trust and safety operations and weakened content moderation across the industry.<\/p>\n<p>Congress will need hard data from the social media companies \u2013 data the companies have not provided to date \u2013 to assess the appropriate ratio of moderators to users.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>The way forward<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>In health care, professionals have a duty to warn if they believe something dangerous might happen. When these uncomfortable truths surface in corporate research, little is done to inform the public of threats to safety. Congress could mandate reporting when internal studies reveal damaging outcomes.<\/p>\n<p>Helping teens today will require social media companies to invest in human content moderation and meaningful age verification. But even that is not likely to fix the problem. The challenge is facing the reality that social media as it exists today thrives on having legions of young users spending significant time in environments that put them at risk. These dangers for young users are baked into the design of contemporary social media, which requires much clearer statutes about who polices social media and when intervention is needed.<\/p>\n<p>One of the motives for tech companies not to segment their user base by age, which would better protect children, is how it would affect advertising revenue. Congress has limited tools available to enact change, such as enforcing laws about advertising transparency, including \u201cknow your customer\u201d rules. Especially as AI accelerates targeted marketing, social media companies are going to continue making it easy for advertisers to reach users of any age. But if advertisers knew what proportion of ads were seen by children, rather than adults, they may think twice about where they place ads in the future.<\/p>\n<p>Despite a number of high-profile hearings on the harms of social media, Congress has not yet passed legislation to protect children or make social media platforms liable for the content published on their platforms. But with so many young people online post-pandemic, it\u2019s up to Congress to implement guardrails that ultimately put privacy and community safety at the center of social media design.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bios: <\/strong>Joan Donovan is an Assistant Professor of Journalism and Emerging Media Studies at Boston University and Sara Parker is a Research Analyst at the Media Ecosystem Observatory at McGill University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cYou have blood on your hands.\u201d \u201cI\u2019m sorry for everything you have all been through.\u201d These quotes, the first from Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., speaking to Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg, and the second from Zuckerberg to families of victims of online child abuse in the audience, are highlights from an extraordinary day of\u00a0testimony before the [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/are-social-media-apps-dangerous-products-2-scholars-explain-how-the-companies-rely-on-young-users-but-fail-to-protect-them\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[434806],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-71522","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lifestyle","tag-social-media-apps"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Are social media apps \u2018dangerous products\u2019? 2 scholars explain how the companies rely on young users but fail to protect them - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/are-social-media-apps-dangerous-products-2-scholars-explain-how-the-companies-rely-on-young-users-but-fail-to-protect-them\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Are social media apps \u2018dangerous products\u2019? 2 scholars explain how the companies rely on young users but fail to protect them - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cYou have blood on your hands.\u201d \u201cI\u2019m sorry for everything you have all been through.\u201d These quotes, the first from Sen. 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