{"id":70748,"date":"2023-11-16T23:08:23","date_gmt":"2023-11-17T04:08:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=70748"},"modified":"2023-11-16T23:08:23","modified_gmt":"2023-11-17T04:08:23","slug":"fewer-u-s-college-students-are-studying-a-foreign-language-%e2%88%92-and-that-spells-trouble-for-national-security","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/fewer-u-s-college-students-are-studying-a-foreign-language-%e2%88%92-and-that-spells-trouble-for-national-security\/","title":{"rendered":"Fewer U.S. college students are studying a foreign language \u2212 and that spells trouble for national security"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite, on Oct. 4, 1957, it did more than spark fears about America\u2019s ability to compete technologically. It also raised concerns that the\u00a0U.S. had a shortage of Russian speakers<\/a>\u00a0capable of monitoring Soviet scientific and military activities.<\/p>\n

In 1958, the\u00a0National Defense Education Act<\/a>\u00a0authorized funding to strengthen U.S. education in language instruction, in addition to math and science.<\/p>\n

More than six decades later, a\u00a0new Modern Language Association report<\/a>\u00a0is raising concerns about America\u2019s foreign language capabilities anew. The report shows that the study of languages other than English at the university level experienced an\u00a0unprecedented drop of 16.6%<\/a>\u00a0between 2016 and 2021.<\/p>\n

The second-largest drop \u2013 of 12.6% \u2013 took place between 1970 and 1972.<\/p>\n

This decline continues a trend that began in 2009. Even though we live in an increasingly globalized world, the number of college students taking languages is rapidly falling.<\/p>\n

As a professor of Spanish and Portuguese who\u00a0researches trends in language education<\/a>, I know that having fewer U.S. college students who learn a foreign language\u00a0creates greater risks for national security<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Foreign language census<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Every few years since 1958, the MLA has conducted a census of enrollments in college-level language courses in the U.S.\u00a0Their data<\/a>\u00a0shows that enrollments in languages other than English spiked after the National Defense Education Act became law.<\/p>\n

Between 1958 and 1970, these enrollments nearly tripled, from about 430,000 to almost 1.2 million. The bulk of students studied French, German or Spanish. However, enrollments in Russian doubled in the first three years alone \u2013 jumping from roughly 16,000 in 1958 to over 32,700 in 1961. Enrollments in less commonly taught languages such as Chinese, Japanese and Arabic also rose steeply.<\/p>\n

After 1970, the enrollments in language study began to fall. Arabic was an exception. Although very few U.S. students studied Arabic to begin with \u2013 just 364 in 1958, increasing to 1,324 in 1970 \u2013 the\u00a01973 oil crisis<\/a>\u00a0accelerated the trend, and enrollments passed 3,000 in 1977 before plateauing.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Role of geopolitics<\/strong><\/h4>\n

College enrollments in Russian and Arabic courses illustrate how language study can be directly affected by \u2013 and have implications for \u2013 political events.<\/p>\n

Enrollments in Russian\u00a0peaked at nearly 44,500<\/a>\u00a0in 1990. However, the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to an immediate loss of interest in learning Russian. Enrollments dropped below 25,000 by 1995 and have continued to fall since. The latest MLA survey shows that between 2016 and 2021 alone, enrollments fell from 20,353 to 17,598 \u2013 just over 1,500 more than in 1958. The low number of U.S. students learning Russian comes at a time when the current war between Russia and Ukraine, as well as Russia\u2019s role as a\u00a0top cyberthreat<\/a>, makes knowledge of the language valuable to protecting national security.<\/p>\n

Enrollments in Arabic, in turn, were low in 1998 \u2013 just 5,505 college students studied the language. Training and hiring speakers with professional-level Arabic proficiency\u00a0was not a priority<\/a>\u00a0for the federal government at that time. As a result, the FBI had few translators who were proficient in Arabic, which caused\u00a0significant delays in translating surveillance information<\/a>\u00a0in the run-up to the Sept. 11 attacks.<\/p>\n

A year after 9\/11, college-level enrollments in Arabic almost doubled to over 10,500, and they peaked in 2009 at just under 35,000.<\/p>\n

Expansion takes time<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Overcoming foreign language shortfalls is easier said than done. Gaps cannot be filled overnight, as languages\u00a0viewed as critical to national security<\/a>\u00a0require hundreds to thousands of hours of study\u00a0to reach professional proficiency<\/a>. And it also takes time for universities to expand their language offerings and staffing.<\/p>\n

Therefore, shortfalls have continued. In 2016, nearly a quarter of the State Department\u2019s overseas positions were held by people who\u00a0did not meet<\/a>\u00a0the language proficiency requirements for their jobs. The numbers were even higher for positions requiring critical languages such as Arabic, Dari, Farsi and Urdu. These language gaps have\u00a0hindered officers\u2019 ability<\/a>\u00a0to protect embassies, manage emergency situations and more.<\/p>\n

Steep declines<\/strong><\/h4>\n

After peaking in 2009 at almost 1.7 million, college-level enrollments in languages other than English fell steeply. The new MLA report shows the decline has continued. By 2021, enrollments had fallen to under 1.2 million \u2013 a drop of nearly 30%.<\/p>\n

Enrollments in almost all of the most commonly taught languages dropped significantly during this window. Arabic fell by almost 35%, Chinese\/Mandarin by almost 25%, French by 37%, German by 44%, Japanese by 9% and Spanish by 32%. The only exceptions to this decline are enrollments in American Sign Language, which increased 17%, and Korean, which increased 128%. Korean in particular stands out, as its enrollments have increased steadily since 1974 and have been boosted recently by a global fascination with\u00a0Korean pop culture<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Overall, enrollments for 2021 are on par with those of 1998. And they are only slightly higher than those of 1970 \u2013 even though more than\u00a0twice as many students<\/a>\u00a0now attend college.<\/p>\n

In addition to the\u00a0Great Recession<\/a>, other factors have\u00a0contributed to the downturn<\/a>\u00a0in college language enrollments. As of 2017, only about\u00a020% of K-12 students<\/a>\u00a0study a foreign language, and only\u00a011 states<\/a>\u00a0have foreign language requirements for high school graduation.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, according to the Pew Research Center, just\u00a036% of Americans<\/a>\u00a0believe that knowing a foreign language is very important for workers to be successful. In contrast, 85% believe that the ability to work with people from different backgrounds, training in writing and communication, and understanding how to use computers are each very important.<\/p>\n

National security initiatives<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In 2006, President George W. Bush launched the\u00a0National Security Language Initiative<\/a>\u00a0to increase the number of speakers and teachers of critical languages.<\/p>\n

Since then, government agencies have developed additional language programs. The National Security Agency\u2019s\u00a0STARTALK<\/a>, for example, organizes summer programs to teach critical languages to students in kindergarten through college and provides resources and opportunities for teachers. The program served almost\u00a070,000 students and 15,000 teachers<\/a>\u00a0between 2007 and 2021.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0National Security Language Initiative for Youth<\/a>, in turn, is run by the State Department and offers summer and academic-year programs for high school students. Over\u00a08,000 students<\/a>\u00a0have participated since 2006.<\/p>\n

Despite the important role these programs play, the MLA report observes that college-level language enrollments continue to decline \u2013 even at a time of growing need for knowledge of languages other than English\u00a0in many industries<\/a>. As history has shown us, these declines will likely have negative effects on national security, diplomacy and U.S. strategic interests.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Deborah Cohn is a Provost Professor of Spanish and Portuguese at Indiana University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite, on Oct. 4, 1957, it did more than spark fears about America\u2019s ability to compete technologically. It also raised concerns that the\u00a0U.S. had a shortage of Russian speakers\u00a0capable of monitoring Soviet scientific and military activities. In 1958, the\u00a0National Defense Education Act\u00a0authorized funding to […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[13198],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-70748","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","tag-foreign-languages"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFewer U.S. college students are studying a foreign language \u2212 and that spells trouble for national security - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/fewer-u-s-college-students-are-studying-a-foreign-language-\u2212-and-that-spells-trouble-for-national-security\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fewer U.S. college students are studying a foreign language \u2212 and that spells trouble for national security - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite, on Oct. 4, 1957, it did more than spark fears about America\u2019s ability to compete technologically. 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