{"id":70735,"date":"2023-11-15T23:29:43","date_gmt":"2023-11-16T04:29:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=70735"},"modified":"2023-11-15T23:29:43","modified_gmt":"2023-11-16T04:29:43","slug":"the-universe-is-expanding-faster-than-theory-predicts-physicists-are-searching-for-new-ideas-that-might-explain-the-mismatch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-universe-is-expanding-faster-than-theory-predicts-physicists-are-searching-for-new-ideas-that-might-explain-the-mismatch\/","title":{"rendered":"The universe is expanding faster than theory predicts \u2013 physicists are searching for new ideas that might explain the mismatch"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Astronomers have known for decades that the universe is expanding. When they use telescopes to observe faraway galaxies, they see that these\u00a0galaxies are moving away<\/a>\u00a0from Earth.<\/p>\n

To astronomers, the wavelength of light a galaxy emits is longer the faster the galaxy is moving away from us. The farther away the galaxy is, the more its light has shifted toward the longer wavelengths on the red side of the spectrum \u2013 so the higher the \u201credshift.\u201d<\/p>\n

Because the speed of light is finite, fast, but not infinitely fast, seeing something far away means we\u2019re looking at the thing how it looked in the past. With distant, high-redshift galaxies, we\u2019re\u00a0seeing the galaxy<\/a>\u00a0when the universe was in a younger state. So \u201chigh redshift\u201d corresponds to the early times in the universe, and \u201clow redshift\u201d corresponds to the late times in the universe.<\/p>\n

But as astronomers have studied these distances, they\u2019ve learned that the universe is not just expanding \u2013 its rate of expansion is accelerating. And that expansion rate is even faster than the leading theory predicts it should be, leaving\u00a0cosmologists like me<\/a>\u00a0puzzled and looking for new explanations.<\/p>\n

Dark energy and a cosmological constant<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Scientists call the source of this acceleration\u00a0dark energy<\/a>. We\u2019re not quite sure what drives dark energy or how it works, but we think its behavior could be explained by\u00a0a cosmological constant<\/a>, which is a\u00a0property of spacetime<\/a>\u00a0that contributes to the expansion of the universe.<\/p>\n

Albert Einstein originally came up with this constant \u2013 he marked it with a lambda in his theory of\u00a0general relativity<\/a>. With a\u00a0cosmological constant<\/a>, as the universe expands, the energy density of the cosmological constant stays the same.<\/p>\n

Imagine a box full of particles. If the volume of the box increases, the density of particles would decrease as they spread out to take up all the space in the box. Now imagine the same box, but as the volume increases, the density of the particles stays the same.<\/p>\n

It doesn\u2019t seem intuitive, right? That the energy density of the cosmological constant does not decrease as the universe expands is, of course, very weird, but this property helps explain the accelerating universe.<\/p>\n

A standard model of cosmology<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Right now, the leading theory, or standard model, of cosmology is\u00a0called \u201cLambda CDM<\/a>.\u201d Lambda denotes the cosmological constant describing dark energy, and CDM stands for cold dark matter. This model describes both the acceleration of the universe in its late stages as well as the expansion rate in its early days.<\/p>\n

Specifically, the Lambda CDM explains observations of the cosmic microwave background, which is the afterglow of microwave radiation from when the universe\u00a0was in a \u201chot, dense state<\/a>\u201d about 300,000 years after the Big Bang. Observations using the\u00a0Planck satellite<\/a>, which measures the\u00a0cosmic microwave background<\/a>, led scientists to create the Lambda CDM model.<\/p>\n

Fitting the Lambda CDM model to the cosmic microwave background allows physicists to predict the value of the\u00a0Hubble constant<\/a>, which isn\u2019t actually a constant but a measurement describing the universe\u2019s current expansion rate.<\/p>\n

But the Lambda CDM model isn\u2019t perfect. The expansion rate scientists have calculated by measuring distances to galaxies, and the expansion rate as described in Lambda CDM using\u00a0observations of the cosmic microwave background<\/a>, don\u2019t line up. Astrophysicists call that disagreement the Hubble tension.<\/p>\n

\"\"

The universe is expanding faster than predicted by popular models in cosmology. NASA<\/p><\/div>\n

The Hubble tension<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Over the past few years, I\u2019ve been\u00a0researching ways<\/a>\u00a0to explain this Hubble tension. The tension may be indicating that the Lambda CDM model is incomplete and physicists should modify their model, or it could indicate that it\u2019s time for researchers to come up with new ideas about how the universe works. And new ideas are always the most exciting things for a physicist.<\/p>\n

One way to explain the Hubble tension is to modify the Lambda CDM model by changing the expansion rate at low redshift, at late times in the universe. Modifying the model like this can help physicists predict what sort of physical phenomena might be causing the Hubble tension.<\/p>\n

For instance, maybe dark energy is not a cosmological constant but instead the result of gravity working in new ways. If this is the case, dark energy would evolve as the universe expands \u2013 and the cosmic microwave background, which shows what the universe looked like only a few years after its creation, would have a different prediction for the Hubble constant.<\/p>\n

But,\u00a0my team\u2019s latest research<\/a>\u00a0has found that physicists can\u2019t explain the Hubble tension just by changing the expansion rate in the late universe \u2013 this whole class of solutions falls short.<\/p>\n

Developing new models<\/strong><\/h4>\n

To study what types of solutions could explain the Hubble tension, we\u00a0developed statistical tools<\/a>\u00a0that enabled us to test the viability of the entire class of models that change the expansion rate in the late universe. These statistical tools are very flexible, and we used them to match or mimic different models that could potentially fit observations of the universe\u2019s expansion rate and might offer a solution to the Hubble tension.<\/p>\n

The models we tested include evolving dark energy models, where dark energy acts differently at different times in the universe. We also tested interacting dark energy-dark matter models, where dark energy interacts with dark matter, and modified gravity models, where gravity acts differently at different times in the universe.<\/p>\n

But none of these could fully explain the Hubble tension. These results suggest that physicists should study the early universe to understand the source of the tension.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Ryan Keeley is a Postdoctoral Scholar in Physics at the University of California, Merced<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Astronomers have known for decades that the universe is expanding. When they use telescopes to observe faraway galaxies, they see that these\u00a0galaxies are moving away\u00a0from Earth. To astronomers, the wavelength of light a galaxy emits is longer the faster the galaxy is moving away from us. The farther away the galaxy is, the more its […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[434717,59],"tags":[434718],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-70735","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cosmology","category-science-tech","tag-cosmology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe universe is expanding faster than theory predicts \u2013 physicists are searching for new ideas that might explain the mismatch - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-universe-is-expanding-faster-than-theory-predicts-physicists-are-searching-for-new-ideas-that-might-explain-the-mismatch\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The universe is expanding faster than theory predicts \u2013 physicists are searching for new ideas that might explain the mismatch - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Astronomers have known for decades that the universe is expanding. 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