{"id":70280,"date":"2023-10-17T01:22:38","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T05:22:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=70280"},"modified":"2023-10-17T01:22:38","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T05:22:38","slug":"school-suspensions-entrench-disadvantage-what-are-the-alternatives-and-how-have-they-worked-overseas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/school-suspensions-entrench-disadvantage-what-are-the-alternatives-and-how-have-they-worked-overseas\/","title":{"rendered":"School suspensions entrench disadvantage. What are the alternatives and how have they worked overseas?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-70281\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/School-suspensions.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/School-suspensions.jpeg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/School-suspensions-250x141.jpeg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Suspension from school is meant to be a last resort for serious problem behaviour. Despite that, an alarming number of children are\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13603116.2018.1540668?casa_token=GnDQSv0g46YAAAAA%3A7SrcOfGvFRsd8taTANmdqIt6njNiuVgjoP2wb9PJV6MrCZm8byw4Pt98EPLplABBGGJblyBBlgdk\">suspended<\/a>\u00a0every year, often at young ages, for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.education.sa.gov.au\/docs\/support-and-inclusion\/engagement-and-wellbeing\/student-absences\/report-of-an-independent-inquiry-into-suspensions-exclusions-and-expulsions-in-south-australian-government-schools.pdf\">minor reasons<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Indigenous children, those with a disability, and\/or those living in out-of-home care are grossly\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13384-023-00652-6\">over-represented<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>So what are the alternatives to suspension and how have they worked overseas?<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Combining prevention with intervention<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Prevention is better than cure. This means targeting the root problems underpinning behaviours leading to suspension and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11292-018-09351-0\">teaching<\/a>\u00a0children the skills they need to avoid making errors in the first place.<br \/>\nThis is best achieved using a model known as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/mtss4success.org\/essential-components#:%7E:text=A%20multi%2Dtiered%20system%20of,from%20a%20strengths%2Dbased%20perspective.\">multi-tiered systems of support<\/a>, sometimes shortened to MTSS.<br \/>\n<center><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Check out this snapshot of MTSS implementation. It focuses on the big picture of MTSS: identify risk, respond, monitor, and improve! Access here, <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/iQmot9R1xs\">https:\/\/t.co\/iQmot9R1xs<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/hhketQ4Lw9\">pic.twitter.com\/hhketQ4Lw9<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; MTSS Center (@MTSScenter) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MTSScenter\/status\/1604849534399418368?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">December 19, 2022<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/center><\/p>\n<p>This approach involves screening all children in a cohort to identify issues that could lead to problems down the track (such as struggling with reading or difficulty regulating emotions).<\/p>\n<p>Schools can then provide academic, social-emotional, and behavioural supports to students who need it and use data to track their progress over time.<\/p>\n<p>This approach recognises several issues can be linked. For example,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11145-020-10023-7\">reading difficulties<\/a>\u00a0can affect a child\u2019s self-esteem, leading to frustration, disengagement, disruptive behaviour and truancy.<\/p>\n<p>The multi-tiered systems of support approach\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.edresearch.edu.au\/articles\/one-five-secondary-students-has-not-mastered-basic-skills-how-do-schools-help-them-catch\">helps educators<\/a>\u00a0identify these children early, accurately interpret what they need and provide targeted interventions.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>What does this approach look like in practice?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mtss4success.org\/essential-components#:%7E:text=A%20multi%2Dtiered%20system%20of,from%20a%20strengths%2Dbased%20perspective.\">Multi-tiered systems of support<\/a>\u00a0has been used in many US public school districts for the last decade.<\/p>\n<p>This involves things like learning about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/003172171309500203?casa_token=wFkNlZ_cOtQAAAAA:NGWAeExrq2gYkgsXFYdcAMRmP0mqSCwzSk6iT1kIxDa3db9HiY9gduvrXR0AqybPDgm_uLLN5g_hEA\">emotions and social skills<\/a>\u00a0at school and embedding\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.au\/books\/edition\/Structured_Literacy_Interventions\/PIZUEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=structured+literacy+instruction+mtss&amp;pg=PP1&amp;printsec=frontcover\">structured literacy instruction<\/a>\u00a0in daily teaching.<\/p>\n<p>Students might, for example, go on a daily \u201creading walk\u201d where they divide up and join a group working on a particular reading skill, such as vocabulary.<\/p>\n<p>Group membership changes as soon as the focus skill is learnt and children progress to the next skill. The groups fluctuate. Difficulties are addressed early, groups are flexible and children get the support they need without being stigmatised or pigeonholed.<\/p>\n<p>It is through these tiered approaches that some public school systems in the United States, such as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/0161956X.2018.1435051?casa_token=Q_MbQhGxpT0AAAAA%3ARdmT8R5JAjvo9yWU-1924MQrmYhjvydx3Iwm7MdHieKBqxST5tg0-ZohV2UQL33nkLAjLvGt3D68dQ\">Chicago Public Schools<\/a>, have been able to reduce suspension, while improving safety and student attendance, perceptions of school climate, and academic outcomes.<\/p>\n<p>A similar approach is now in place in countries like\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-19-8241-5_25\">Finland<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>How might this apply to behaviour?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Many incidents resulting in suspension are rooted in cognitive or emotional overwhelm. This can be prevented by providing children with\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nccd.edu.au\/wider-support-materials\/whats-reasonable\">reasonable adjustments<\/a>\u00a0(such as extra time for certain tasks or being able to work in a quiet place) and evidence-based\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10882-018-9626-9\">interventions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For example, a child could be taught to recognise the signs of overwhelm and use a \u201cchill out\u201d card when they need to. This card allows them to retreat \u2013 without being interrogated about it by the teacher \u2013 to a safe space. Once there, they can recover and then rejoin the fray.<\/p>\n<p>In Vermont, another US state where schools are using the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/education.vermont.gov\/student-support\/vermont-multi-tiered-system-of-supports\">multi-tiered systems of support<\/a>\u00a0approach, classrooms have been designed to have these safe spaces.<\/p>\n<p>However, teachers must also be able to detect when a child is beginning to spiral so they can intervene to diffuse situations before they escalate. This may require professional learning in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/research.qut.edu.au\/c4ie\/professional-learning\/\">inclusive practice<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>But it isn\u2019t just down to individual teachers<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>One of the most common reasons for suspension is coded in incident reports as \u201cphysical aggression\u201d or \u201cphysical misconduct\u201d. This is when children hit, kick or push.<\/p>\n<p>Again, this can be the result of overwhelm, which induces a fight-or-flight response. However, it can also be a response to teasing, bullying or racism. These incidents often happen outside the classroom.<\/p>\n<p>The incidence of physical aggression in schools can be reduced by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>establishing clear and consistent expectations with the input of students<\/li>\n<li>addressing\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/researchonline.jcu.edu.au\/51921\/6\/51921_Llewellyn%20et%20al_2018.pdf\">racism<\/a>\u00a0at school<\/li>\n<li>valuing religious, ethnic and cultural diversity and providing meaningful opportunities for children to interact and learn about each others heritage<\/li>\n<li>having more adults in the playground and reducing low-visibility areas where bullying might occur<\/li>\n<li>making sure teaching is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Anne-Morrison\/publication\/335101498_Anne_Morrison_Lester-Irabinna_Rigney_Robert_Hattam_Abigail_Diplock_TOWARD_AN_AUSTRALIAN_CULTURALLY_RESPONSIVE_PEDAGOGY_A_NARRATIVE_REVIEW_OF_THE_LITERATURE\/links\/5d4f4c3da6fdcc370a8c2ce2\/Anne-Morrison-Lester-Irabinna-Rigney-Robert-Hattam-Abigail-Diplock-TOWARD-AN-AUSTRALIAN-CULTURALLY-RESPONSIVE-PEDAGOGY-A-NARRATIVE-REVIEW-OF-THE-LITERATURE.pdf\">culturally responsive<\/a>\u00a0and respectful of First Nations students\u2019 families, culture, languages, history and knowledge and that curriculum is relevant to the local context<\/li>\n<li>implementing quality\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-020-01195-3\">interventions<\/a>\u00a0that include anti-bullying programs and mental health support services<\/li>\n<li>supporting the development of positive\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0190740918300185?casa_token=2w3yMN0t_f0AAAAA:uWkgnuvamMMZjn6xpuiBqm13dueK0gDyuzBBe7wTmuDWiOA4q7hVDRvMbrH_qMqAkl-Hayzq\">school climates<\/a>, peer-peer and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1523698113\">teacher-student relationships<\/a>\u00a0by engaging students in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/research.qut.edu.au\/c4ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/281\/2022\/02\/Practice-Guide-Student-Driven-School-Change.pdf\">school improvement<\/a>\u00a0processes<\/li>\n<li>providing teachers with training and time to plan adjustments,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1523698113\">empathise<\/a>\u00a0with students, use inclusive practices, manage diverse classrooms and problem-solve with support staff and parents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Even after all this, some children will still have difficulty complying with expectations. For these children, there are alternatives to suspension.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Alternatives can reduce suspension and teacher stress<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>A growing body of evidence suggests an educative response works better than a punitive one.<\/p>\n<p>One educative approach developed in the US is known as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpsconnection.com\/\">collaborative and proactive solutions<\/a>. It aims to identify underlying difficulties with particular skills and frame them as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00094056.2018.1494430\">unsolved problems<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>The focus is on understanding the cause of behaviour, rather than simply suppressing it. In this model, a teacher might respond to disruptive behaviour by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>hearing the student\u2019s perspective about the cause<\/li>\n<li>explaining their own perspective and<\/li>\n<li>describing the wider impacts for the student and their classmates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The teacher and student then work towards a solution addressing the underlying issue: in this case, supporting the student to develop strategies to self-regulate.<\/p>\n<p>Parents of neurodivergent children have\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/new-south-wales-education\/parents-call-for-collaborative-proactive-solutions-for-challenging-behaviour\/news-story\/6e5ee16af689e0b6ca942b5ca6bbc107\">advocated strongly<\/a>\u00a0for Australian education departments to implement collaborative and proactive solutions.<\/p>\n<p>One US study found training teachers in the collaborative and proactive solutions approach can\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/iassw\/sswj\/2011\/00000035\/00000002\/art00007\">reduce<\/a>\u00a0problem behaviour and teacher stress.<\/p>\n<p>Another approach, used internationally, is known as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/1\/96\">restorative justice<\/a>. The aim is to educate students about the impacts of behaviour, ensure wronged parties are heard and repair relationships.<\/p>\n<p>If implemented correctly \u2013 with a focus on educating, not punishing \u2013 restorative practices can improve\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/1\/96\">conflict resolution<\/a>, promote\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/02643944.2018.1528625\">positive relationships<\/a>, reduce\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-023-01507-3\">suspensions<\/a>\u00a0and enhance school\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10964-019-01013-2\">connectedness<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The recent report of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/disability.royalcommission.gov.au\/publications\/final-report-volume-7-inclusive-education-employment-and-housing\">Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability<\/a>\u00a0recommended suspension be the last resort.<\/p>\n<p>Suspension does not provide children with the skills they need to succeed at school and it can make problem behaviour\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/suspensions-and-expulsions-could-set-our-most-vulnerable-kids-on-a-path-to-school-drop-out-drug-use-and-crime-166827\">worse<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Australian schools can, with the right support and leadership from governments, take steps to reduce suspension by finding alternatives that work better for students and teachers alike.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bios:<\/strong> Linda J. Graham is Professor and Director of the Centre for Inclusive Education and Callula Killingly is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Centre for Inclusive Education both at the Queensland University of Technology<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Suspension from school is meant to be a last resort for serious problem behaviour. Despite that, an alarming number of children are\u00a0suspended\u00a0every year, often at young ages, for\u00a0minor reasons. Indigenous children, those with a disability, and\/or those living in out-of-home care are grossly\u00a0over-represented. So what are the alternatives to suspension and how have they worked [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/school-suspensions-entrench-disadvantage-what-are-the-alternatives-and-how-have-they-worked-overseas\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[434671],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-70280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","tag-school-suspensions"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>School suspensions entrench disadvantage. What are the alternatives and how have they worked overseas? - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/school-suspensions-entrench-disadvantage-what-are-the-alternatives-and-how-have-they-worked-overseas\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"School suspensions entrench disadvantage. What are the alternatives and how have they worked overseas? - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Suspension from school is meant to be a last resort for serious problem behaviour. 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What are the alternatives and how have they worked overseas? - World leading higher education information and services","og_description":"Suspension from school is meant to be a last resort for serious problem behaviour. Despite that, an alarming number of children are\u00a0suspended\u00a0every year, often at young ages, for\u00a0minor reasons. Indigenous children, those with a disability, and\/or those living in out-of-home care are grossly\u00a0over-represented. 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