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In March 2022, approximately a month after Russia invaded Ukraine, a video of Volodymyr Zelensky, President of Ukraine, was broadcast on a Ukrainian national channel.\u00a0In this video, the president asks his people to surrender their weapons and return to their families.\u00a0This video was quickly identified as a deepfake due to its\u00a0low quality<\/a>\u00a0and will therefore have had little impact on the fights, but this example perfectly illustrates the dangers that deepfakes can pose.<\/p>\n A\u00a0deepfake<\/a>\u00a0is a video in which the face or expression of an individual has been deliberately modified, in order to alter their identity or their words.\u00a0Techniques for modifying facial expressions are not new, since there is, for example, a\u00a0scientific article<\/a>\u00a0from 1999 using 3D models to reconstruct and modify faces.\u00a0Deepfakes have many legitimate applications, for example in\u00a0cinema<\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0advertising<\/a>\u00a0and even more recently\u00a0video compression<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n