{"id":70067,"date":"2023-10-02T00:08:05","date_gmt":"2023-10-02T04:08:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=70067"},"modified":"2023-10-02T00:08:05","modified_gmt":"2023-10-02T04:08:05","slug":"avoid-cramming-and-dont-just-highlight-bits-of-text-how-to-help-your-memory-when-preparing-for-exams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/avoid-cramming-and-dont-just-highlight-bits-of-text-how-to-help-your-memory-when-preparing-for-exams\/","title":{"rendered":"Avoid cramming and don\u2019t just highlight bits of text: how to help your memory when preparing for exams"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-70068\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/cram-for-a-test.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/cram-for-a-test.jpeg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/cram-for-a-test-250x146.jpeg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>With school and university exams looming, students will be thinking about how they can maximise their learning.<\/p>\n<p>Memory is a key part of how we learn.<\/p>\n<p>If students understand how memory works, they can prioritise effective study habits. This will help for exams as well as their learning in the longer term.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>What is memory?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>According to cognitive psychology (the study of our mental processes), there are\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0079742108604223?via%3Dihub\">three<\/a>\u00a0distinct types of memory. Each plays a different role in effective study:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>sensory memory<\/strong>\u00a0temporarily holds vast amounts of new information\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/agricultural-and-biological-sciences\/sensory-memory\">from our senses<\/a>. This includes everything we have just seen, heard, touched or tasted. If we pay attention to that information, it moves into working memory for processing. If we don\u2019t pay attention, it is discarded.<\/li>\n<li><strong>working memory<\/strong>\u00a0is our brain\u2019s control centre. All conscious\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/B9780123943934000066\">cognitive activity<\/a>, including remembering, calculating, planning, problem-solving, decision-making and critical thinking happens in our working memory. However, if we have too much on our minds, working memory can easily become\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2864034\/\">overloaded<\/a>. This makes it important to offload knowledge and skills to long-term memory.<\/li>\n<li><strong>long-term memory<\/strong>\u00a0is our brain\u2019s library. When new knowledge or skills are well practised, they are \u201cencoded\u201d from working memory and into\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/long-term-memory\">long-term memory<\/a>. Here they are stored in vast networks called schemas. To use those knowledge and skills again, we retrieve those schemas back into working memory. The more we encode and retrieve knowledge and skills, the stronger those memory pathways become. Well-learned schemas can be retrieved automatically, which creates space in working memory for new thinking and learning.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><strong>How to help your memory when preparing for exams<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Not everyone likes exams and educators\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/should-we-do-away-with-exams-altogether-no-but-we-need-to-rethink-their-design-and-purpose-67647\">often debate<\/a>\u00a0their advantages and disadvantages.<\/p>\n<p>But if you are a student who is studying for exams right now, here are some tips to help you use your time well:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>create the conditions for attention<\/strong>: put your phone away and remove distractions. Remember,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journalofcognition.org\/articles\/10.5334\/joc.58\">your attention is needed<\/a>\u00a0to bring information into working memory and keep it there. Loss of attention, or mind wandering, can result in poorer learning. Harvard professor of psychology Dan Schachter calls absent-mindedness one of the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8285452\/\">seven sins of memory<\/a>\u201d.<\/li>\n<li><strong>consider your subject area<\/strong>: different disciplines ask different kinds of questions and you should study with these in mind. In a Year 12 English exam, for example, you might be asked to write a response about your interpretation of a particular text. So don\u2019t just re-read the text; effective study involves drawing out themes and insights, practising your arguments and seeking feedback.<\/li>\n<li><strong>minimise \u201cshallow\u201d study<\/strong>: most students report\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1529100612453266\">re-reading and highlighting<\/a>\u00a0text when studying. But these are less effective than other study techniques. Shallow study or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S002253717280001X?via%3Dihub\">encoding<\/a>\u00a0focuses more on surface features and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Fergus-Craik-2\/publication\/11066090_Levels_of_processing_Past_present_and_future\/links\/0a85e5374cd5c4aebb000000\/Levels-of-processing-Past-present-and-future.pdf\">less on meaning<\/a>. This encourages rote recall over genuine understanding and leads to poorer learning. In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0361476X08000477?via%3Dihub\">one study<\/a>, re-reading a textbook twice in a row offered no advantage over reading it for the first time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>maximise \u201cdeep\u201d study<\/strong>: this involves actively using the information you are studying. Depending on your discipline, this might include\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0019902\">answering practice questions<\/a>, constructing your own questions,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0361476X79900699?via%3Dihub\">summarising<\/a>, identifying themes, evaluating existing arguments,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/tea.3660250103\">making decisions<\/a>, or explaining concepts to others. This deep encoding results in stronger schematic networks, which are more easily reactivated when you need them.<\/li>\n<li><strong>move beyond worked examples<\/strong>: worked examples are step-by-step illustrations of the processes to solve a problem. They can be\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referenceworkentry\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-1428-6_20\">powerful starting points<\/a>\u00a0because they show you how to use a particular strategy. They also help to reduce working memory load. But as you\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/225767816_Expertise_Reversal_Effect_and_Its_Implications_for_Learner-Tailored_Instruction\">become more expert<\/a>, it is more effective to draw those strategies from long-term memory yourself.<\/li>\n<li><strong>take breaks<\/strong>: research with Australian\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/371689526_Rest_breaks_aid_directed_attention_and_learning\">university students<\/a>\u00a0shows even a five-minute rest break can support attention \u2013 the gateway to learning. Research\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1745691612447308\">using brain scans<\/a>\u00a0also shows rest can help you consolidate memories.<\/li>\n<li><strong>don\u2019t cram<\/strong>: the so-called \u201cspacing effect\u201d shows memory and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10734-010-9366-y\">conceptual understanding <\/a>\u00a0both benefit from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0010028510000332?via%3Dihub\">distributed<\/a>\u00a0rather than massed learning. This means six half-hour sessions are better for learning than one three hour block.<\/li>\n<li><strong>mix up your study<\/strong>: this could mean\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.retrievalpractice.org\/interleaving\">varying<\/a>\u00a0questions and activities, so your brain is forced to compare, contrast, refine, and draw distinctions between concepts and approaches. This is known as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/the-interleaving-effect-mixing-it-up-boosts-learning\/\">interleaving<\/a>\u201d, and has been shown to boost learning in subjects such as maths, music and medicine.<\/li>\n<li><strong>don\u2019t skip sleep<\/strong>: sleep is crucial for the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23589831\/\">consolidation<\/a>\u00a0of memory or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bostonneuropsa.net\/PDF%20Files\/Stickgold\/Nature_review_2005.pdf\">solidifying<\/a>\u00a0new connections or insights you have made.<\/li>\n<li><strong>give yourself enough time<\/strong>: unfortunately, there are no shortcuts here! Each time you\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/epdf\/10.1007\/s10648-021-09595-9?sharing_token=BJGF9HIhylvkFTp44loJ1fe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY68gwFdG3aL3p8m-poI08AnooDPXDRsIbGbAcSfq37HR20RLLZlZUjmOElg_wpKZL36zS0i5zcLfJ5UXBlFREIOi0tNigRAfr47nlSb4RA4e37qH_hZV4z4RSb4Ky31i40=\">practise<\/a>\u00a0drawing specific knowledge and skills from long-term memory into working memory, you are etching a memory super-highway. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2005-13307-006\">more you do this<\/a>, the better and quicker you become \u2013 which is what you will need come exam time.<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bio:<\/strong> Penny Van Bergen is Head of School of Education and Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of Wollongong<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With school and university exams looming, students will be thinking about how they can maximise their learning. Memory is a key part of how we learn. If students understand how memory works, they can prioritise effective study habits. This will help for exams as well as their learning in the longer term. What is memory? [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/avoid-cramming-and-dont-just-highlight-bits-of-text-how-to-help-your-memory-when-preparing-for-exams\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[9989],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-70067","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","tag-memory"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Avoid cramming and don\u2019t just highlight bits of text: how to help your memory when preparing for exams - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/avoid-cramming-and-dont-just-highlight-bits-of-text-how-to-help-your-memory-when-preparing-for-exams\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Avoid cramming and don\u2019t just highlight bits of text: how to help your memory when preparing for exams - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"With school and university exams looming, students will be thinking about how they can maximise their learning. 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