{"id":69957,"date":"2023-09-25T02:28:22","date_gmt":"2023-09-25T06:28:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=69957"},"modified":"2023-09-25T02:28:22","modified_gmt":"2023-09-25T06:28:22","slug":"what-if-we-created-sanctuaries-without-ai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/what-if-we-created-sanctuaries-without-ai\/","title":{"rendered":"What if we created \u201csanctuaries without AI\u201d?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-69958\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/AIshutDown.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/AIshutDown.png 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/AIshutDown-250x140.png 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>In\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyp%C3%A9rion_(Simmons)#%C2%A0:%7E%C2%A0:text=Hyp%C3%A9rion%C2%A0%20raconte%C2%A0%20le%C2%A0%20cheminement%C2%A0%20g%C3%A9ographique,%20son%C2%A0%20histoire%C2%A0%20%C3%A0%C2%A0%20ses%C2%A0%20compagnons.\"><em><span>Hyperion<\/span><\/em><\/a><span>\u00a0, a science fiction novel written by Dan Simmons in 1989, the characters are connected to a network of artificial intelligences, called the \u201cdatasphere\u201d.\u00a0By allowing them to have instant access to any information, knowledge is immediately available, but the ability to think for oneself is now lost.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>More than thirty years after the publication of Dan Simmons&#8217; work, it is possible to consider the ever-increasing impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on our cognitive abilities in similar terms.\u00a0In order to reduce these risks, I propose here a solution that defends both the progress resulting from AI and the need to respect our cognitive abilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>AI offers many benefits.\u00a0These include opportunities to advance\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alandix.com\/academic\/talks\/AI-Summit-NY-2021-AISJ\/\"><span>social justice<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, combat\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/idss.mit.edu\/news\/how-ai-can-help-combat-systemic-racism\/\"><span>racism<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, improve the detection of certain\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/peut-on-deja-faire-confiance-a-lia-pour-diagnostiquer-un-cancer-197180\"><span>cancers<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, reduce the consequences of the\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-machine-learning-is-helping-us-fine-tune-climate-models-to-reach-unprecedented-detail-165818\"><span>climate crisis<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0and boost\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.francetvinfo.fr\/replay-radio\/c-est-mon-boulot\/intelligence-artificielle-une-etude-demontre-le-spectaculaire-coup-de-pouce-a-la-productivite-dans-les-entreprises_5765876.html\"><span>productivity<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>But the darker aspects of AI are also much discussed and taken into account in its development, notably its\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/comment-lintelligence-artificielle-reproduit-et-amplifie-le-racisme-167950\"><span>racial biases<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, its tendency to reinforce\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/la-justice-sociale-langle-mort-de-la-revolution-de-lintelligence-artificielle-160579\"><span>socio-economic inequalities<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0and its capacity to\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/lintelligence-artificielle-est-elle-prete-a-comprendre-les-emotions-humaines-151409\"><span>manipulate our emotions and behaviors<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Towards the first Western regulations of AI<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span>Despite these ever-increasing risks, there are still no national or international\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/the-eu-and-us-diverge-on-ai-regulation-a-transatlantic-comparison-and-steps-to-alignment\"><span>rules<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0regulating AI.\u00a0This is why the European Commission&#8217;s\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/meetdocs\/2014_2019\/plmrep\/COMMITTEES\/CJ40\/DV\/2023\/05-11\/ConsolidatedCA_IMCOLIBE_AI_ACT_EN.pdf\"><span>proposal<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0to establish regulation of the uses of AI is so important.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>This proposal from the European Commission, the latest\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/meetdocs\/2014_2019\/plmrep\/COMMITTEES\/CJ40\/DV\/2023\/05-11\/ConsolidatedCA_IMCOLIBE_AI_ACT_EN.pdf\"><span>version<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0of which received approval and was modified by the two\u00a0<\/span><em><span>ad hoc<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0committees of the European Parliament at the beginning of June 2023, is based on the risks inherent in any use of this technology and classifies them into three categories: \u201cunacceptable\u201d, \u201chigh\u201d and \u201cother\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>For risks from the first category, the use of AI is prohibited.\u00a0These are the following cases:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Cognitive-behavioral manipulation of vulnerable people or groups, which can or could cause bodily or cognitive harm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Exploiting the vulnerabilities of a specific group of people, so that AI can modify the behavior of these people and cause harm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Social scores: classify individuals according to their conduct and socio-economic status.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Real-time and remote biometric identification systems, except in special cases (for example in the event of a terrorist attack).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>In this European legislation relating to AI, the notions of \u201cunacceptable\u201d risks and damage are closely linked.\u00a0This is an important step and suggests the need to protect certain activities and demarcated physical spaces from AI interference.\u00a0With my colleague Caitlin Mulholland, we have shown how our fundamental rights and in particular our right to privacy depend on stronger\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/preprints\/socarxiv\/6rshg\"><span>regulation of AI and facial recognition applications<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>[\u00a0<\/span><em><span>More than 85,000 readers trust The Conversation newsletters to better understand the world&#8217;s major issues<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/memberservices.theconversation.com\/newsletters\/?nl=france&amp;region=fr\"><span>Subscribe today<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>This makes particular sense with regard to the use of AI in\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/predicting-justice-what-if-algorithms-entered-the-courthouse-91692\"><span>automated judicial decisions and <\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/fr\/document\/EPRS_IDA(2021)6%C2%A090706\"><span>border<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0control\u00a0.\u00a0Debates around ChatGPT have also raised concerns\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/chatgpt-nous-rendra-t-il-moins-credules-197306\"><span>about<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0its impact on our intellectual abilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Sanctuaries without AI<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span>All of these cases raise questions about the deployment of AI in areas where our fundamental rights, our privacy and our cognitive abilities are at stake.\u00a0They also point out the need to create spaces where strong regulation of activities linked to AI applies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>It is possible to define these spaces by borrowing an ancient term, that of sanctuaries.\u00a0In her\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/exploitation-des-donnees-un-changement-de-contrat-social-a-bas-bruit-199038\"><span>work<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, \u201cThe Age of Surveillance Capitalism\u201d, Shoshana Zuboff defines the right to sanctuary as a remedy for the excesses of all power.\u00a0Sacred places, such as temples, churches and monasteries, allowed persecuted communities to find refuge there.\u00a0Today, and in order to resist digital surveillance, Zuboff updates and reinterprets this right to sanctuary through\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2019\/03\/harvard-professor-says-surveillance-capitalism-is-undermining-democracy\/\"><span>strong regulation<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0of digital activities so that we can still benefit from the \u201cspace of an inviolable refuge &#8220;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>The notion of \u201csanctuaries without AI\u201d does not imply an outright ban on AI but a real regulation of the applications resulting from this technology.\u00a0In the case of European Union legislation relating to AI, this would amount to putting in place a more precise definition of the notion of damage.\u00a0For the moment, there is no clear and unambiguous definition of this idea of \u200b\u200bdamage, neither in European legislation relating to AI nor between Member States.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/policyreview.info\/articles\/news\/identifying-harm-manipulative-artificial-intelligence-practices\/1608\">As Suzanne Vergnolle<\/a>\u00a0suggests<\/span><span>, one solution would consist of establishing criteria common to all Member States in order to identify the types of damage resulting from manipulative practices linked to certain applications of AI.\u00a0Additionally, harms based on racial profiles and socioeconomic statuses should also be considered.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>The establishment of AI-free sanctuaries also means much firmer regulation aimed at protecting us from cognitive and mental damage resulting from potential uses of AI.\u00a0A starting point would be to establish a new generation of rights \u2013 \u201cneuro-rights\u201d \u2013 which would protect our cognitive freedom with regard to the development of neurotechnologies.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciena.ch\/fr\/politics\/we-must-expand-human-rights-to-cover-neurotechnology.html\"><span>Roberto Andorno and Marcello Ienca<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0thus argue that the right to mental integrity, which is already protected by the European Court of Human Rights, should apply beyond cases of mental illness and protect us against intrusions by AI.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>A manifesto of sanctuaries without AI<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span>I would like to defend the right to \u201csanctuaries without AI\u201d.\u00a0It would include the following articles (which are of course provisional):<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>The right to withdraw.\u00a0In areas deemed sensitive, anyone has the right to withdraw from AI-based support, for a period which they are free to decide.\u00a0This right implies no or moderate interference from AI-based devices.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>No sanction.\u00a0Withdrawing from an AI device will never result in economic or social disadvantages.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>The right to human decision.\u00a0Every individual has the right to a final decision made\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/thepublicvoice.org\/ai-universal-guidelines\/\"><span>by a human person<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Vulnerable people and sensitive areas.\u00a0Public authorities will establish, in collaboration with actors from civil society and industry, particularly sensitive areas (health, education) and groups of people, such as children, who should not be or be moderately exposed to systems AI intrusives.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Sanctuaries without AI in the physical world<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span>Until now, AI-free spaces have only been very unevenly implemented, from a spatial point of view.\u00a0Certain educational establishments in Europe and the United States have therefore decided to exclude\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/interdire-les-telephones-a-lecole-est-ce-vraiment-une-bonne-solution-187445\"><span>all screens from classrooms<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, thus following the principles of the\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2015\/sep\/29\/the-no-tech-school-where-screens-are-off-limits-even-at-home\"><span>low-tech\/no-tech movement in the field of education<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0It has in fact been proven that the use of digital media in the field of education is not productive and causes dependencies among the\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.francetvinfo.fr\/societe\/education\/numerique-a-l-ecole\/suede-apres-avoir-delaisse-les-manuels-scolaires-au-profit-du-numerique-le-pays-fait-machine-arriere_5842562.html\"><span>youngest<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0However, more and more public schools, with few resources, tend to use screens and digital tools, which would contribute to worsening\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turninglifeon.org\/execs-on-tech\"><span>social inequalities<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Even outside of secure spaces like classrooms, AI continues to expand.\u00a0In the United States, between 2019 and 2021, a dozen municipalities approved laws banning the use of facial recognition in policing.\u00a0Since 2022, however, many cities have reversed\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/us\/us-cities-are-backing-off-banning-facial-recognition-crime-rises-2022-05-12\/\"><span>course<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0in order to counter an increase in crime.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Even if they reinforce inequalities, facial recognition systems are used during certain\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/facial-analysis-ai-is-being-used-in-job-interviews-it-will-probably-reinforce-inequality-12479\"><span>job interviews<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0To the extent that these systems are powered by the data of candidates who have previously passed the selection processes, the AI \u200b\u200btends to select candidates coming from a privileged context and to exclude those and those from more diverse backgrounds.\u00a0Such applications should be banned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>And despite upcoming EU legislation on AI, AI-based video systems\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/fr\/sports\/20230324-paris-2024-les-jo-cheval-de-troie-de-la-vid%C3%A9osurveillance-algorithmique\"><span>will monitor<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0spectators and crowds at the 2024 Paris Olympics. This automated video surveillance will further be\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usinenouvelle.com\/editorial\/la-videosurveillance-algorithmique-s-invite-aux-jo.N2128401\"><span>tested during the Paris Cup. Rugby World<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>AI-driven internet search engines should also be banned, since the technology is not yet developed.\u00a0As Melissa Heikkil\u00e4a points out in a 2023 [\u00a0<\/span><em><span>MIT Technology Review<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0] article, \u201cAI-generated text appears trustworthy and credentialed, discouraging users from verifying the information they receive.\u201d .\u00a0There is also a dose of exploitation, because \u201cusers are now testing this technology for free\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Supporting progress while preserving our rights<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span>The right to AI-free sanctuaries guarantees the technological development of AI while protecting our emotional and cognitive capacities.\u00a0The possibility of having the choice to withdraw from AI (\u00a0<\/span><em><span>opt out<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0) is crucial if we wish to preserve our abilities to learn, to live experiences autonomously and to protect our moral judgment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>In Dan Simmons&#8217; novel, one of the protagonists (\u201ccybrid\u201d replica of the poet John Keat) is not connected to the DataSphere and can therefore resist the threats of Artificial Intelligence.\u00a0This point is illustrative because it highlights the importance of\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/lintelligence-artificielle-est-elle-vraiment-creative-205352\"><span>debates<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0surrounding the intromission of AI into art\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-price-of-ai-art-has-the-bubble-burst-12869\"><span>,<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0music\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/lavenir-de-la-creativite-musicale-sera-t-il-artificiel-157443\"><span>,<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0literature and culture.\u00a0Indeed, in addition to questions relating to\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/no-the-lensa-ai-app-technically-isnt-stealing-artists-work-but-it-will-majorly-shake-up-the-art-world-196480\"><span>intellectual property<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, these activities are closely linked to our imagination and creativity, capacities which also form the basis of our possibilities to resist and think for ourselves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bio:<\/strong> Antonio Pele is Associate Professor, Law School at PUC-Rio University &#038; Marie Curie Fellow at IRIS\/EHESS Paris &#038; MSCA Fellow at the Columbia Center for Contemporary Critical Thought (CCCCT) w\/ the HuDig19 Project at Universit\u00e9 Paris Nanterre \u2013 Universit\u00e9 Paris Lumi\u00e8res<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In\u00a0Hyperion\u00a0, a science fiction novel written by Dan Simmons in 1989, the characters are connected to a network of artificial intelligences, called the \u201cdatasphere\u201d.\u00a0By allowing them to have instant access to any information, knowledge is immediately available, but the ability to think for oneself is now lost. More than thirty years after the publication of [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/what-if-we-created-sanctuaries-without-ai\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[434630],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-69957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-sanctuaries-without-ai"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What if we created \u201csanctuaries without AI\u201d? - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/what-if-we-created-sanctuaries-without-ai\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What if we created \u201csanctuaries without AI\u201d? - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In\u00a0Hyperion\u00a0, a science fiction novel written by Dan Simmons in 1989, the characters are connected to a network of artificial intelligences, called the \u201cdatasphere\u201d.\u00a0By allowing them to have instant access to any information, knowledge is immediately available, but the ability to think for oneself is now lost. 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