{"id":68630,"date":"2023-06-16T00:24:39","date_gmt":"2023-06-16T04:24:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=68630"},"modified":"2023-06-16T00:34:35","modified_gmt":"2023-06-16T04:34:35","slug":"generative-ai-is-a-minefield-for-copyright-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/generative-ai-is-a-minefield-for-copyright-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Generative AI is a minefield for copyright law"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-68631\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/generaticAICopytight.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/generaticAICopytight.jpg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/generaticAICopytight-250x141.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In 2022, an AI-generated work of art won the Colorado State Fair\u2019s art competition. The artist, Jason Allen, had used Midjourney \u2013 a generative AI system trained on art\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/robsalkowitz\/2022\/09\/16\/midjourney-founder-david-holz-on-the-impact-of-ai-on-art-imagination-and-the-creative-economy\/?sh=6b99081f2d2b\">scraped from the internet<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 to create the piece. The process was far from fully automated: Allen went through some 900 iterations over 80 hours to create and refine his submission.<\/p>\n<p><center><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">I talked to Jason Allen, who submitted an AI-generated piece to the Colorado State Fair and won first prize.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cArt is dead, dude,\u201d he told me. \u201cIt\u2019s over. A.I. won. Humans lost.\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/JNlpGm5PZf\">https:\/\/t.co\/JNlpGm5PZf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Kevin Roose (@kevinroose) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/kevinroose\/status\/1565712173183016960?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 2, 2022<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/center><\/p>\n<p>Yet his use of AI to win the art competition triggered a heated backlash online,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/09\/02\/technology\/ai-artificial-intelligence-artists.html\">with one Twitter user claiming<\/a>, \u201cWe\u2019re watching the death of artistry unfold right before our eyes.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>As generative AI art tools like Midjourney and Stable Diffusion have been thrust into the limelight, so too have questions about ownership and authorship.<\/p>\n<p>These tools\u2019 generative ability is the result of training them with scores of prior artworks, from which the AI learns how to create artistic outputs.<\/p>\n<p>Should the artists whose art was scraped to train the models be compensated? Who owns the images that AI systems produce? Is the process of fine-tuning prompts for generative AI a form of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/generative-ai-is-forcing-people-to-rethink-what-it-means-to-be-authentic-204347\">authentic creative expression<\/a>?<\/p>\n<p>On one hand,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.freethink.com\/robots-ai\/ai-and-future-of-creativity\">technophiles rave<\/a>\u00a0over work like Allen\u2019s. But on the other, many working artists consider the use of their art to train AI to be\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/art-in-america\/features\/midjourney-ai-art-image-generators-lawsuit-1234665579\/\">exploitative<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019re part of a team of 14 experts across disciplines that just published a paper on generative AI in Science magazine. In it, we explore how advances in AI\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adh4451\">will affect creative work, aesthetics and the media<\/a>. One of the key questions that emerged has to do with\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/what-is-copyright\/\">U.S. copyright laws<\/a>, and whether they can adequately deal with the unique challenges of generative AI.<\/p>\n<p>Copyright laws were created to promote the arts and creative thinking. But the rise of generative AI has complicated existing notions of authorship.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Photography serves as a helpful lens<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Generative AI might seem unprecedented, but history can act as a guide.<\/p>\n<p>Take the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/heinonline.org\/HOL\/Page?handle=hein.journals\/coml8&amp;div=41&amp;g_sent=1&amp;casa_token=oFkqu0HYSOgAAAAA:C_ZxdPOJEoIWzr2PmppzxZgIdgdf6mx-bocutIgYsKOFyOJAomcBF4rfVVymEGmBgt3fFXZR&amp;collection=journals\">emergence of photography in the 1800s<\/a>. Before its invention, artists could only try to portray the world through drawing, painting or sculpture. Suddenly, reality could be captured in a flash using a camera and chemicals.<\/p>\n<p>As with generative AI, many argued that photography lacked artistic merit. In 1884, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/111\/53\/\">U.S. Supreme Court weighed in on the issue<\/a>\u00a0and found that cameras served as tools that an artist could use to give an idea visible form; the \u201cmasterminds\u201d behind the cameras, the court ruled, should own the photographs they create.<\/p>\n<p>From then on, photography evolved into its own art form and even sparked\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0752\/7\/2\/18\">new abstract artistic movements<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>AI can\u2019t own outputs<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Unlike inanimate cameras, AI possesses capabilities \u2013 like the ability to convert basic instructions into impressive artistic works \u2013 that make it\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/ai-isnt-close-to-becoming-sentient-the-real-danger-lies-in-how-easily-were-prone-to-anthropomorphize-it-200525\">prone to anthropomorphization<\/a>. Even the term \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d encourages people to think that these systems have humanlike intent or even self-awareness.<\/p>\n<p>This led some people to wonder whether AI systems can be \u201cowners.\u201d But the U.S. Copyright Office has stated unequivocally that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/ai\/ai_policy_guidance.pdf\">only humans can hold copyrights<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>So who can claim ownership of images produced by AI? Is it the artists whose images were used to train the systems? The users who type in prompts to create images? Or the people who build the AI systems?<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Infringement or fair use?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>While artists draw obliquely from past works that have educated and inspired them in order to create, generative AI relies on training data to produce outputs.<\/p>\n<p>This training data consists of prior artworks, many of which are protected by copyright law and which have been collected without artists\u2019 knowledge or consent. Using art in this way might violate copyright law even before the AI generates a new work.<\/p>\n<p>For Jason Allen to create his award-winning art, Midjourney was trained on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/robsalkowitz\/2022\/09\/16\/midjourney-founder-david-holz-on-the-impact-of-ai-on-art-imagination-and-the-creative-economy\/?sh=b14a0aa2d2b8\">100 million<\/a>\u00a0prior works.<\/p>\n<p>Was that a form of infringement? Or was it a new form of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/fair-use\/\">fair use<\/a>,\u201d a legal doctrine that permits the unlicensed use of protected works if they\u2019re sufficiently transformed into something new?<\/p>\n<p>While AI systems do not contain literal copies of the training data, they do\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2212.03860\">sometimes manage to recreate works<\/a>\u00a0from the training data, complicating this legal analysis.<\/p>\n<p>Will contemporary copyright law favor end users and companies over the artists whose content is in the training data?<\/p>\n<p>To mitigate this concern, some scholars propose new regulations to protect and compensate artists whose work is used for training. These proposals include a right for artists to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2303.11074.pdf'\">opt out of their data\u2019s being used<\/a>\u00a0for generative AI or a way to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/Jessica-Fjeld_RFC-84-FR-58141.pdf\">automatically compensate artists<\/a>\u00a0when their work is used to train an AI.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Muddled ownership<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Training data, however, is only part of the process. Frequently, artists who use generative AI tools go through many rounds of revision to refine their prompts, which suggests a degree of originality.<\/p>\n<p>Answering the question of who should own the outputs requires looking into the contributions of all those involved in the generative AI supply chain.<\/p>\n<p>The legal analysis is easier when an output is different from works in the training data. In this case, whoever prompted the AI to produce the output appears to be the default owner.<\/p>\n<p>However, copyright law requires meaningful creative input \u2013 a standard satisfied by clicking the shutter button on a camera. It remains unclear how courts will decide what this means for the use of generative AI. Is composing and refining a prompt enough?<\/p>\n<p>Matters are more complicated when outputs resemble works in the training data. If the resemblance is based only on general style or content, it is unlikely to violate copyright, because style is not copyrightable.<\/p>\n<p>The illustrator Hollie Mengert encountered this issue firsthand when her unique style was mimicked by generative AI engines in a way that did not capture what, in her eyes,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/waxy.org\/2022\/11\/invasive-diffusion-how-one-unwilling-illustrator-found-herself-turned-into-an-ai-model\/\">made her work unique<\/a>. Meanwhile, the singer Grimes embraced the tech, \u201copen-sourcing\u201d her voice and encouraging fans to create songs\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/05\/24\/arts\/music\/grimes-ai-songs.html\">in her style using generative AI<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>If an output contains major elements from a work in the training data, it might infringe on that work\u2019s copyright. Recently, the Supreme Court ruled that Andy Warhol\u2019s drawing of a photograph\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/warhol-foundation-v-goldsmith-supreme-court-rules-for-income-streams-over-artistic-freedom-205986\">was not permitted by fair use<\/a>. That means that using AI to just change the style of a work \u2013 say, from a photo to an illustration \u2013 is not enough to claim ownership over the modified output.<\/p>\n<p>While copyright law tends to favor an all-or-nothing approach, scholars at Harvard Law School have proposed new models of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/clinic.cyber.harvard.edu\/files\/2020\/02\/WIPO-Comment-FINAL-2020-02-14.pdf\">joint ownership<\/a>\u00a0that allow artists to gain some rights in outputs that resemble their works.<\/p>\n<p>In many ways, generative AI is yet another creative tool that allows a new group of people access to image-making, just like cameras, paintbrushes or Adobe Photoshop. But a key difference is this new set of tools relies explicitly on training data, and therefore creative contributions cannot easily be traced back to a single artist.<\/p>\n<p>The ways in which existing laws are interpreted or reformed \u2013 and whether generative AI is appropriately treated as the tool it is \u2013 will have real consequences for the future of creative expression.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bios:<\/strong> Robert Mahari is a JD-PhD Student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Jessica Fjeld is a Lecturer on Law at  Harvard Law School and Ziv Epstein is a PhD Student in Media Arts and Sciences also at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 2022, an AI-generated work of art won the Colorado State Fair\u2019s art competition. The artist, Jason Allen, had used Midjourney \u2013 a generative AI system trained on art\u00a0scraped from the internet\u00a0\u2013 to create the piece. The process was far from fully automated: Allen went through some 900 iterations over 80 hours to create and [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/generative-ai-is-a-minefield-for-copyright-law\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[434306],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-68630","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-generative-ai"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Generative AI is a minefield for copyright law - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/generative-ai-is-a-minefield-for-copyright-law\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Generative AI is a minefield for copyright law - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In 2022, an AI-generated work of art won the Colorado State Fair\u2019s art competition. The artist, Jason Allen, had used Midjourney \u2013 a generative AI system trained on art\u00a0scraped from the internet\u00a0\u2013 to create the piece. 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The artist, Jason Allen, had used Midjourney \u2013 a generative AI system trained on art\u00a0scraped from the internet\u00a0\u2013 to create the piece. 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