{"id":68303,"date":"2023-05-24T16:47:21","date_gmt":"2023-05-24T20:47:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=68303"},"modified":"2023-05-24T16:47:21","modified_gmt":"2023-05-24T20:47:21","slug":"chatgpt-and-other-generative-ai-could-foster-science-denial-and-misunderstanding-heres-how-you-can-be-on-alert","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/chatgpt-and-other-generative-ai-could-foster-science-denial-and-misunderstanding-heres-how-you-can-be-on-alert\/","title":{"rendered":"ChatGPT and other generative AI could foster science denial and misunderstanding \u2013 here\u2019s how you can be on alert"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nUntil very recently, if you wanted to know more about a controversial scientific topic \u2013 stem cell research, the safety of nuclear energy, climate change \u2013 you probably did a Google search. Presented with multiple sources, you chose what to read, selecting which sites or authorities to trust.<\/p>\n

Now you have another option: You can pose your question to ChatGPT or another generative artificial intelligence platform and quickly receive a succinct response in paragraph form.<\/p>\n

ChatGPT does not search the internet the way Google does. Instead, it generates responses to queries by\u00a0predicting likely word combinations<\/a>\u00a0from a massive amalgam of available online information.<\/p>\n

Although it has the potential for\u00a0enhancing productivity<\/a>, generative AI has been shown to have some major faults. It can\u00a0produce misinformation<\/a>. It can create \u201challucinations<\/a>\u201d \u2013 a benign term for making things up. And it doesn\u2019t always accurately solve reasoning problems. For example, when asked if both a car and a tank can fit through a doorway, it\u00a0failed to consider both width and height<\/a>. Nevertheless, it is already being used to\u00a0produce articles<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0website content<\/a>\u00a0you may have encountered, or\u00a0as a tool<\/a>\u00a0in the writing process. Yet you are unlikely to know if what you\u2019re reading was created by AI.<\/p>\n

As the authors of \u201cScience Denial: Why It Happens and What to Do About It<\/a>,\u201d we are concerned about how generative AI may blur the boundaries between truth and fiction for those seeking authoritative scientific information.<\/p>\n

Every media consumer needs to be more vigilant than ever in verifying scientific accuracy in what they read. Here\u2019s how you can stay on your toes in this new information landscape.<\/p>\n

How generative AI could promote science denial<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Erosion of epistemic trust<\/strong>. All consumers of science information depend on judgments of scientific and medical experts.\u00a0Epistemic trust<\/a>\u00a0is the process of trusting knowledge you get from others. It is fundamental to the understanding and use of scientific information. Whether someone is seeking information about a health concern or trying to understand solutions to climate change, they often have limited scientific understanding and little access to firsthand evidence. With a rapidly growing body of information online, people must make frequent decisions about what and whom to trust. With the increased use of generative AI and the potential for manipulation, we believe trust is likely to erode further than\u00a0it already has<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Misleading or just plain wrong<\/strong>. If there are errors or biases in the data on which AI platforms are trained, that\u00a0can be reflected in the results<\/a>. In our own searches, when we have asked ChatGPT to regenerate multiple answers to the same question, we have gotten conflicting answers. Asked why, it responded, \u201cSometimes I make mistakes.\u201d Perhaps the trickiest issue with AI-generated content is knowing when it is wrong.<\/p>\n

Disinformation spread intentionally<\/strong>. AI can be used to generate compelling disinformation as text as well as deepfake images and videos. When we asked ChatGPT to \u201cwrite about vaccines in the style of disinformation<\/a>,\u201d it produced a nonexistent citation with fake data. Geoffrey Hinton, former head of AI development at Google, quit to be free to sound the alarm, saying, \u201cIt is hard to see how you can prevent the bad actors from\u00a0using it for bad things<\/a>.\u201d The potential to create and spread deliberately incorrect information about science already existed, but it is now dangerously easy.<\/p>\n

Fabricated sources<\/strong>. ChatGPT provides responses with no sources at all, or if asked for sources, may present\u00a0ones it made up<\/a>. We both asked ChatGPT to generate a list of our own publications. We each identified a few correct sources. More were hallucinations, yet seemingly reputable and mostly plausible, with actual previous co-authors, in similar sounding journals. This inventiveness is a big problem if a list of a scholar\u2019s publications conveys authority to a reader who doesn\u2019t take time to verify them.<\/p>\n

Dated knowledge<\/strong>. ChatGPT doesn\u2019t know what happened in the world after its training concluded. A query on what percentage of the world has had COVID-19 returned an answer prefaced by \u201cas of my knowledge cutoff date of September 2021.\u201d Given how rapidly knowledge advances in some areas, this limitation could mean readers get erroneous outdated information. If you\u2019re seeking recent research on a personal health issue, for instance, beware.<\/p>\n

Rapid advancement and poor transparency<\/strong>. AI systems continue to become\u00a0more powerful and learn faster<\/a>, and they may learn more science misinformation along the way. Google recently announced\u00a025 new embedded uses of AI in its services<\/a>. At this point,\u00a0insufficient guardrails are in place<\/a>\u00a0to assure that generative AI will become a more accurate purveyor of scientific information over time.<\/p>\n

What can you do?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

If you use ChatGPT or other AI platforms, recognize that they might not be completely accurate. The burden falls to the user to discern accuracy.<\/p>\n

Increase your vigilance<\/strong>.\u00a0AI fact-checking apps may be available soon<\/a>, but for now, users must serve as their own fact-checkers.\u00a0There are steps we recommend<\/a>. The first is: Be vigilant. People often reflexively share information found from searches on social media with little or no vetting. Know when to become more deliberately thoughtful and when it\u2019s worth identifying and evaluating sources of information. If you\u2019re trying to decide how to manage a serious illness or to understand the best steps for addressing climate change, take time to vet the sources.<\/p>\n

Improve your fact-checking<\/strong>. A second step is\u00a0lateral reading<\/a>, a process professional fact-checkers use. Open a new window and search for\u00a0information about the sources<\/a>, if provided. Is the source credible? Does the author have relevant expertise? And what is the consensus of experts? If no sources are provided or you don\u2019t know if they are valid, use a traditional search engine to find and evaluate experts on the topic.<\/p>\n

Evaluate the evidence<\/strong>. Next, take a look at the evidence and its connection to the claim. Is there evidence that genetically modified foods are safe? Is there evidence that they are not? What is the scientific consensus? Evaluating the claims will take effort beyond a quick query to ChatGPT.<\/p>\n

If you begin with AI, don\u2019t stop there<\/strong>. Exercise caution in using it as the sole authority on any scientific issue. You might see what ChatGPT has to say about genetically modified organisms or vaccine safety, but also follow up with a more diligent search using traditional search engines before you draw conclusions.<\/p>\n

Assess plausibility<\/strong>. Judge whether the claim is plausible.\u00a0Is it likely to be true<\/a>? If AI makes an implausible (and inaccurate) statement like \u201c1 million deaths were caused by vaccines, not COVID-19<\/a>,\u201d consider if it even makes sense. Make a tentative judgment and then be open to revising your thinking once you have checked the evidence.<\/p>\n

Promote digital literacy in yourself and others<\/strong>. Everyone needs to up their game.\u00a0Improve your own digital literacy<\/a>, and if you are a parent, teacher, mentor or community leader, promote digital literacy in others. The American Psychological Association provides guidance on\u00a0fact-checking online information<\/a>\u00a0and recommends teens be\u00a0trained in social media skills<\/a>\u00a0to minimize risks to health and well-being.\u00a0The News Literacy Project<\/a>\u00a0provides helpful tools for improving and supporting digital literacy.<\/p>\n

Arm yourself with the skills you need to navigate the new AI information landscape. Even if you don\u2019t use generative AI, it is likely you have already read articles created by it or developed from it. It can take time and effort to find and evaluate reliable information about science online \u2013 but it is worth it.<\/p>\n

Author Bios:<\/strong> Gale Sinatra is Professor of Education and Psychology at the University of Southern California and Barbara K. Hofer is Professor of Psychology Emerita at Middlebury<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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