{"id":68292,"date":"2023-05-23T16:59:11","date_gmt":"2023-05-23T20:59:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=68292"},"modified":"2023-05-23T16:59:11","modified_gmt":"2023-05-23T20:59:11","slug":"is-generative-ai-bad-for-the-environment-a-computer-scientist-explains-the-carbon-footprint-of-chatgpt-and-its-cousins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/is-generative-ai-bad-for-the-environment-a-computer-scientist-explains-the-carbon-footprint-of-chatgpt-and-its-cousins\/","title":{"rendered":"Is generative AI bad for the environment? A computer scientist explains the carbon footprint of ChatGPT and its cousins"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Generative AI is the hot new technology behind chatbots and image generators. But how hot is it making the planet?<\/p>\n

As an\u00a0AI researcher<\/a>, I often worry about the energy costs of building artificial intelligence models. The more powerful the AI, the more energy it takes. What does the emergence of increasingly more powerful generative AI models mean for society\u2019s future carbon footprint?<\/p>\n

\u201cGenerative\u201d refers to the ability of an AI algorithm to produce complex data. The alternative is\u00a0\u201cdiscriminative\u201d AI<\/a>, which chooses between a fixed number of options and produces just a single number. An example of a discriminative output is choosing whether to approve a loan application.<\/p>\n

Generative AI can create much more complex outputs, such as a sentence, a paragraph, an image or even a short video. It has long been used in applications like smart speakers to generate audio responses, or in autocomplete to suggest a search query. However, it only recently gained the ability to\u00a0generate humanlike language and realistic photos<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Using more power than ever<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The exact energy cost of a single AI model is difficult to estimate, and includes the energy used to manufacture the computing equipment, create the model and use the model in production. In 2019, researchers found that creating a generative AI model called BERT with 110 million parameters\u00a0consumed the energy of a round-trip transcontinental flight<\/a>\u00a0for one person. The number of parameters refers to the size of the model, with larger models generally being more skilled. Researchers estimated that creating the much larger GPT-3, which has 175 billion parameters,\u00a0consumed 1,287 megawatt hours of electricity and generated 552 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent<\/a>, the equivalent of 123 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles driven for one year. And that\u2019s just for getting the model ready to launch, before any consumers start using it.<\/p>\n

Size is not the only predictor of carbon emissions. The open-access\u00a0BLOOM model<\/a>, developed by the\u00a0BigScience project<\/a>\u00a0in France, is similar in size to GPT-3 but has\u00a0a much lower carbon footprint<\/a>, consuming 433 MWh of electricity in generating 30 tons of CO2eq. A study by Google found that for the same size, using a more efficient model architecture and processor and a greener data center can reduce the carbon footprint\u00a0by 100 to 1,000 times<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Larger models do use more energy during their deployment. There is limited data on the carbon footprint of a single generative AI query, but some industry figures estimate it to be\u00a0four to five times higher<\/a>\u00a0than that of a search engine query. As chatbots and image generators become more popular, and as Google and Microsoft\u00a0incorporate AI language models<\/a>\u00a0into their search engines, the number of queries they receive each day could grow exponentially.<\/p>\n

AI bots for search<\/strong><\/h4>\n

A few years ago, not many people outside of research labs were using models like BERT or GPT. That changed on Nov. 30, 2022, when OpenAI released ChatGPT. According to the latest available data, ChatGPT had over\u00a01.5 billion visits in March 2023<\/a>. Microsoft incorporated ChatGPT into its search engine, Bing, and made it\u00a0available to everyone<\/a>\u00a0on May 4, 2023. If chatbots become as popular as search engines, the energy costs of deploying the AIs could really add up. But AI assistants have many more uses than just search, such as writing documents, solving math problems and creating marketing campaigns.<\/p>\n

Another problem is that AI models need to be continually updated. For example, ChatGPT was only trained on data from up to 2021, so it does not know about anything that happened since then. The carbon footprint of creating ChatGPT isn\u2019t public information, but it is likely much higher than that of GPT-3. If it had to be recreated on a regular basis to update its knowledge, the energy costs would grow even larger.<\/p>\n

One upside is that asking a chatbot can be a more direct way to get information than using a search engine. Instead of getting a page full of links, you get a direct answer as you would from a human, assuming issues of accuracy are mitigated. Getting to the information quicker could potentially offset the increased energy use compared to a search engine.<\/p>\n

Ways forward<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The future is hard to predict, but large generative AI models are here to stay, and people will probably increasingly turn to them for information. For example, if a student needs help solving a math problem now, they ask a tutor or a friend, or consult a textbook. In the future, they will probably ask a chatbot. The same goes for other expert knowledge such as legal advice or medical expertise.<\/p>\n

While a single large AI model is not going to ruin the environment, if a thousand companies develop slightly different AI bots for different purposes, each used by millions of customers, the energy use could become an issue. More research is needed to make generative AI more efficient. The good news is that AI can run on renewable energy. By bringing the computation to where green energy is more abundant, or scheduling computation for times of day when renewable energy is more available, emissions can be\u00a0reduced by a factor of 30 to 40<\/a>, compared to using a grid dominated by fossil fuels.<\/p>\n

Finally, societal pressure may be helpful to encourage companies and research labs to publish the carbon footprints of their AI models, as some already do. In the future, perhaps consumers could even use this information to choose a \u201cgreener\u201d chatbot.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Kate Saenko is Associate Professor of Computer Science at Boston University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Generative AI is the hot new technology behind chatbots and image generators. But how hot is it making the planet? As an\u00a0AI researcher, I often worry about the energy costs of building artificial intelligence models. The more powerful the AI, the more energy it takes. What does the emergence of increasingly more powerful generative AI […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[434306],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-68292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science-tech","tag-generative-ai"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIs generative AI bad for the environment? 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