{"id":67214,"date":"2023-02-20T11:05:37","date_gmt":"2023-02-20T16:05:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=67214"},"modified":"2025-04-05T16:35:57","modified_gmt":"2025-04-05T20:35:57","slug":"we-pitted-chatgpt-against-tools-for-detecting-ai-written-text-and-the-results-are-troubling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/we-pitted-chatgpt-against-tools-for-detecting-ai-written-text-and-the-results-are-troubling\/","title":{"rendered":"We pitted ChatGPT against tools for detecting AI-written text, and the results are troubling"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

As the \u201cchatbot wars<\/a>\u201d rage in Silicon Valley, the growing proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) tools specifically designed to generate\u00a0human-like text<\/a>\u00a0has\u00a0left many baffled<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Educators in particular are scrambling to adjust to the availability of software that can produce a moderately competent essay on any topic at a moment\u2019s notice. Should we go back to pen-and-paper assessments? Increasing exam supervision? Ban the use of AI entirely?<\/p>\n

All these and more have been proposed. However, none of these less-than-ideal measures would be needed if educators could\u00a0reliably distinguish<\/a>\u00a0AI-generated and human-written text.<\/p>\n

We dug into several proposed methods and tools for recognising AI-generated text. None of them are foolproof, all of them are vulnerable to workarounds, and it\u2019s unlikely they will ever be as reliable as we\u2019d like.<\/p>\n

Perhaps you\u2019re wondering why the world\u2019s leading AI companies can\u2019t reliably distinguish the products of their own machines from the work of humans. The reason is ridiculously simple: the corporate mission in today\u2019s high-stakes AI arms is to train \u2018natural language processor\u2019 (NLP) AIs to produce outputs that are as similar to human writing as possible. Indeed, public demands for an easy means to spot such AIs in the wild might seem paradoxical, like we\u2019re missing the whole point of the program.<\/p>\n

A mediocre effort<\/strong><\/h4>\n

OpenAI \u2013 the creator of ChatGPT \u2013 launched a \u201cclassifier for indicating AI-written text<\/a>\u201d in late January.<\/p>\n

The classifier was trained on external AIs as well as the company\u2019s own text-generating engines. In theory, this means it should be able to flag essays generated by\u00a0BLOOM AI<\/a>\u00a0or similar, not just those created by ChatGPT.<\/p>\n

We give this classifier a C\u2013 grade at best. OpenAI admits it accurately identifies only 26% of AI-generated text (true positive) while incorrectly labelling human prose as AI-generated 9% of the time (false positive).<\/p>\n

OpenAI has not shared its research on the rate at which AI-generated text is incorrectly labelled as human-generated text (false negative).<\/p>\n

A promising contender<\/strong><\/h4>\n

A more promising contender is a classifier created by a Princeton University student during his Christmas break.<\/p>\n

Edward Tian<\/a>, a computer science major minoring in journalism, released the first version of\u00a0GPTZero<\/a>\u00a0in January.<\/p>\n

This app identifies AI authorship based on two factors: perplexity and burstiness. Perplexity measures how complex a text is, while burstiness compares the variation between sentences. The lower the values for these two factors, the more likely it is that a text was produced by an AI.<\/p>\n

We pitted this modest David against the goliath of ChatGPT.<\/p>\n

First, we prompted ChatGPT to generate a short essay about justice. Next, we copied the article \u2013 unchanged \u2013 into GPTZero. Tian\u2019s tool correctly determined that the text was likely to have been written entirely by an AI because its average perplexity and burstiness scores were very low.<\/p>\n

\"\"

GPTZero measures the complexity and variety within a text to determine whether it is likely to have been produced by AI. GTPZero<\/p><\/div>\n

Fooling the classifiers<\/strong><\/h4>\n

An easy way to mislead AI classifiers is simply to replace a few words with synonyms. Websites offering tools that paraphrase AI-generated text for this purpose are already cropping up all over the internet.<\/p>\n

Many of these tools display their own set of AI giveaways, such as peppering human prose with \u201ctortured phrases<\/a>\u201d (for example, using \u201ccounterfeit consciousness\u201d instead of \u201cAI\u201d).<\/p>\n

To test GPTZero further, we copied ChatGPT\u2019s justice essay into\u00a0GPT-Minus1<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 a website offering to \u201cscramble\u201d ChatGPT text with synonyms. The image on the left depicts the original essay. The image on the right shows GPT-Minus1\u2019s changes. It altered about 14% of the text.<\/p>\n

\"\"

GPT-Minus1 makes small changes to text to make it look less AI-generated. GPT-Minus1<\/p><\/div>\n

We then copied the GPT-Minus1 version of the justice essay back into GPTZero. Its verdict?
\nYour text is most likely human written but there are some sentences with low perplexities.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"

Running an AI-generated text through an AI-fooling tool makes it seem \u2018more human\u2019. GPTZero<\/p><\/div>\n

It highlighted just one sentence it thought had a high chance of having been written by an AI (see image below on left) along with a report on the essay\u2019s overall perplexity and burstiness scores which were much higher (see image below on the right).<\/p>\n

Tools such as Tian\u2019s show great promise, but they aren\u2019t perfect and are also vulnerable to workarounds. For instance, a recently released YouTube tutorial explains how to prompt ChatGPT to produce text with high degrees of \u2013 you guessed it \u2013 perplexity and burstiness.<\/p>\n

Watermarking<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Another proposal is for AI-written text to contain a \u201cwatermark\u201d that is invisible to human readers but can be picked up by software.<\/p>\n

Natural language models work on a word-by-word basis. They select which word to generate based on statistical probability.<\/p>\n

However, they do not always choose words with the highest probability of appearing together. Instead, from a list of probable words, they select one randomly (though words with higher probability scores are more likely to be selected).<\/p>\n

This explains why users get a different output each time they generate text using the same prompt.<\/p>\n

\"\"

One of OpenAI\u2019s natural language model interfaces (Playground) gives users the ability to see the probability of selected words. In the above screenshot (captured on Feb 1, 2023), we can see that the likelihood of the term \u2018moral\u2019 being selected is 2.45%, which is much less than \u2018equality\u2019 with 36.84%. OpenAI Playground<\/p><\/div>\n

Put simply, watermarking involves \u201cblacklisting\u201d some of the probable words and permitting the AI to only select words from a \u201cwhitelist\u201d. Given that a human-written text will likely include words from the \u201cblacklist\u201d, this could make it possible to differentiate it from an AI-generated text.<\/p>\n

However, watermarking also has limitations. The quality of AI-generated text might be reduced if its vocabulary was constrained. Further, each text generator would likely have a different watermarking system \u2013 so text would next to checked against all of them.<\/p>\n

Watermarking could also be circumvented by paraphrasing tools, which might insert blacklisted words or rephrase essay questions.<\/p>\n

An ongoing arms race<\/strong><\/h4>\n

AI-generated text detectors will become increasingly sophisticated. Anti-plagiarism service\u00a0TurnItIn recently announced<\/a>\u00a0a forthcoming AI writing detector<\/a> with a claimed 97% accuracy.<\/p>\n

However, text generators too will grow more sophisticated. Google\u2019s ChatGPT competitor, Bard, is in\u00a0early public testing<\/a>. OpenAI itself is\u00a0expected<\/a>\u00a0to launch a major update, GPT-4, later this year.<\/p>\n

It will never be possible to make AI text identifiers perfect, as even\u00a0OpenAI acknowledges<\/a>, and there will always be new ways to mislead them.<\/p>\n

As this arms race continues, we may see the rise of \u201ccontract paraphrasing\u201d: rather than paying someone to write your assignment, you pay someone to rework your AI-generated assignment to get it past the detectors.<\/p>\n

There are no easy answers here for educators. Technical fixes may be part of the solution, but so will new ways of teaching and assessment (which may including harnessing the power of AI).<\/p>\n

We don\u2019t know exactly what this will look like. However, we have spent the past year building prototypes of open-source AI tools for education and research in an effort to help navigate a path between the old and the new \u2013 and you can access beta versions at\u00a0Safe-To-Fail AI<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Author Bios: <\/strong>Armin Alimardani is a Lecturer at the University of Wollongong and Emma A. Jane is an Associate Professor at UNSW Sydney<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As the \u201cchatbot wars\u201d rage in Silicon Valley, the growing proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) tools specifically designed to generate\u00a0human-like text\u00a0has\u00a0left many baffled. Educators in particular are scrambling to adjust to the availability of software that can produce a moderately competent essay on any topic at a moment\u2019s notice. Should we go back to pen-and-paper […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[434298],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-67214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-chatbot-wars"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWe pitted ChatGPT against tools for detecting AI-written text, and the results are troubling - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/we-pitted-chatgpt-against-tools-for-detecting-ai-written-text-and-the-results-are-troubling\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"We pitted ChatGPT against tools for detecting AI-written text, and the results are troubling - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As the \u201cchatbot wars\u201d rage in Silicon Valley, the growing proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) tools specifically designed to generate\u00a0human-like text\u00a0has\u00a0left many baffled. 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