{"id":66876,"date":"2023-01-23T00:09:25","date_gmt":"2023-01-23T05:09:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=66876"},"modified":"2023-01-23T00:09:25","modified_gmt":"2023-01-23T05:09:25","slug":"the-other-side-of-words-quantum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-other-side-of-words-quantum\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cThe other side of words\u201d: Quantum"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

The term “quantum” is very present in the news, between the\u00a0<\/span>awarding of the Nobel Prize to Alain Aspect<\/span><\/a>\u00a0and the technological race in quantum information… The use of this word actually dates back to the dawn of the 20th\u00a0<\/span>century<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0, with the development of mechanics or\u00a0<\/span>quantum physics<\/span><\/a>\u00a0which initiated a true revolution of knowledge and whose consequences are not yet exhausted.\u00a0Today we talk about logic, chance,\u00a0<\/span>cryptography, entanglement, quantum computers<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Coming from the Latin \u201cquantum\u201d (plural \u201cquanta\u201d) which means \u201chow many\u201d, the adjective \u201cquantum\u201d evokes counting and, in practice, a quantum of matter or energy will correspond to an elementary, indivisible grain.\u00a0Quantum mechanics is the theory that describes the evolution of phenomena in the world of the infinitely small, that of elementary particles.<\/span><\/p>\n

The term quanta was first introduced by Max Planck.\u00a0In 1900, he put forward the hypothesis that energy exchanges, for example between a proton and an electron, take place not continuously but in small discrete quantities.\u00a0His work analyzed blackbody radiation\u00a0<\/span>,<\/span><\/a>\u00a0a heated cavity filled with gas that emits light.\u00a0The light spectrum observed was not continuous but composed of a set of well-defined frequency (or color) lines, and each chemical element was characterized by a specific spectrum.\u00a0From this idea,\u00a0<\/span>Niels Bohr<\/span><\/a>\u00a0designed the planetary model of the atom in which the electrons revolve around the nucleus in orbits of quantized energies.<\/span><\/p>\n

Classical physics predicts exactly the trajectory of an object described by well-defined positions and speeds, in quantum physics we only know how to calculate probabilities of occurrence among an infinity of possible trajectories.<\/span><\/p>\n

A decisive confirmation came in 1905 when Einstein interpreted\u00a0<\/span>the photoelectric effect<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0An illuminated metal plate can produce electricity.\u00a0The intensity of the light is not the necessary criterion, on the other hand the color is crucial: the effect only appears with high frequency lines.\u00a0Einstein imagined light made up of a flow of elementary objects which he called photons, each carrying, according to Planck’s hypothesis, an energy which depends on the frequency: E = hf, E designates the energy and f the frequency , h being a universal physical quantity called Planck’s constant.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thus the effect was explained as a collision between the electrons of the metal and the photons of incident light.\u00a0A minimum energy is necessary to extract the electrons from the plate, which the more energetic blue photons allow but not the red ones.<\/span><\/p>\n

Interpreting light as a quantum flux led to a dilemma.\u00a0The nature of light had been debated since the 17th\u00a0\u00a0century between Newton’s granular vision and Huyghens’ wave vision\u00a0<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/sup>With\u00a0<\/span>Maxwell’s equations<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, the wave nature seemed definitely proven.\u00a0After 1905, the \u201cquantification of light\u201d returned with force.<\/span><\/p>\n

So, is light a wave or a flow of particles?\u00a0Both, that’s the surprising answer.\u00a0It is the famous wave-particle duality which admits two facets of reality: light interacts in the form of photons but it propagates in the form of waves.\u00a0And this is general: the electrons themselves can behave like a wave.<\/span><\/p>\n

This leads to consequences that may offend common sense, calling into question classical determinism.\u00a0In particular,\u00a0<\/span>Heisenberg<\/span><\/a>\u00a0wrote his uncertainty relations which teach us that it is impossible to know precisely the position and the speed of a particle.<\/span><\/p>\n

One of the most disturbing consequences is revealed with entanglement, honored by the 2022 Nobel Prize. The function that represents a particle is nonlocal, it is not limited to a point and this allows an interaction in one place is instantly reflected in other places, which seems to contradict the relativity that limits the speed of propagation of any information.\u00a0This is verified by the experiment of two photons produced simultaneously which “communicate” even separated by several kilometers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Many technologies derive from\u00a0<\/span>quantum physics<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0: nuclear energy as much by fission as by fusion, the electronic microscope, the laser, transistors and other printed circuits\u2026 Medicine is indebted to it for magnetic resonance imaging, radiotherapy.\u00a0More recently, entanglement has made it possible to imagine quantum cryptography and quantum computers are being developed which benefit from considerably increased calculation speeds.<\/span><\/p>\n

It is fascinating to think that all these important consequences arise from a science that Einstein rejected as incomplete and which led to Feynman’s admission: \u201cI think I can say that no one really understands quantum physics.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Francois Vannucci is Professor Emeritus, Researcher in Particle Physics, Specialist in Neutrinos at the Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The term “quantum” is very present in the news, between the\u00a0awarding of the Nobel Prize to Alain Aspect\u00a0and the technological race in quantum information… The use of this word actually dates back to the dawn of the 20th\u00a0century\u00a0\u00a0, with the development of mechanics or\u00a0quantum physics\u00a0which initiated a true revolution of knowledge and whose consequences are […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[434259],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-66876","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science-tech","tag-quantum"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cThe other side of words\u201d: Quantum - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-other-side-of-words-quantum\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cThe other side of words\u201d: Quantum - 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