{"id":66792,"date":"2023-01-16T00:01:23","date_gmt":"2023-01-16T05:01:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=66792"},"modified":"2023-01-16T00:01:23","modified_gmt":"2023-01-16T05:01:23","slug":"when-ai-attacks-our-accents","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/when-ai-attacks-our-accents\/","title":{"rendered":"When AI attacks our accents"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-66793\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/frustrated-caller.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/frustrated-caller.jpeg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/frustrated-caller-250x130.jpeg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><br \/>\nJune 2022, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanas.ai\/\">SANAS company<\/a>\u00a0announces that it has raised 32 million dollars for the creation of a technology based on artificial intelligence whose\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/sanas-raises-32m-for-breakthrough-ai-technology-for-real-time-accent-translation-301572710.html\">objective is to remove accents<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0September 2022, the platform is born not without creating interest, curiosity and excitement in both the English-speaking\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ouest-france.fr\/leditiondusoir\/2022-09-02\/ce-logiciel-qui-gomme-les-accents-dans-la-voix-des-teleoperateurs-fait-polemique-voici-pourquoi-933e7c7f-96eb-498e-b444-f4753f9019f5\">French &#8211; <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/abc7news.com\/sanas-voice-technology-silicon-valley-start-up-accent-remover-translator\/12162646\/\">speaking<\/a>\u00a0world .<\/p>\n<p>Such software plunges us into a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-03831544\">contemporary dystopia<\/a>\u00a0where technology comes to make differences, markers of identity and cultures of individuals disappear.\u00a0This idea is not new, however: the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/futurism.com\/start-up-ai-remove-call-center-accents\">film &#8220;Sorry to bother you&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0released in 2018 already addressed the issue of the accent of African-American populations in a satire on call centers.<\/p>\n<p><center><iframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TNVBebYCIEI\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center>So how can you actually remove an accent?\u00a0Between utopia and dystopia, why can developing an artificial intelligence capable of &#8220;removing&#8221; accents be a problem more than a solution?\u00a0What do you remove more than a sound mark by neutralizing an accent?<\/p>\n<h4><strong>How artificial intelligence can silence an accent<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Accent can be defined as a bundle of often oral clues (vowels, consonants, intonation, etc.) which participates in the more or less conscious development of hypotheses on geographical, social or linguistic origin. individuals.\u00a0This accent can be said, among other things, \u201cregional\u201d or \u201cforeign\u201d by referring to different imaginaries.\u00a0The relevance of identifying an accent lies in the fact that a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cle-international.com\/la-prononciation-du-francais-dans-le-monde-du-natif-a-l-apprenant-livre-cd-9782090382419.html\">certain number of sound characteristics seem homogeneous<\/a>\u00a0among speakers of a language, a geographical area or a social group, as underlined by Philippe Boula de Mareuil.<\/p>\n<p>These technologies from\u00a0<em>start-ups<\/em>\u00a0often constitute a black box and little concrete information on the tools used to \u201cremove\u201d the accent is available.\u00a0However, the means are multiple and they mainly aim to partially transform the structure of the sound wave in order to bring certain acoustic indices closer\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/la-phonetique--9782130653356-page-58.htm\">to a perceptually determined standard<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0We can thus play on the timbre of certain vowels, the realization of consonants or even transform parameters such as rhythm, intonation or accentuation according to expected perceptual targets.\u00a0At the same time, we will maintain a maximum of vocal parameters allowing to identify the voice of the initial speaker in the image of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ircamamplify.com\/realisations\/cloning-vocal-pour-thierry-ardisson\/\"><em>voice cloning<\/em><\/a>which can lead to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.20minutes.fr\/high-tech\/2831107-20200729-le-deepfake-audio-la-nouvelle-arnaque-tendance-des-hackers\"><em>voice deepfake<\/em><\/a>\u00a0scams .\u00a0These technologies make it possible to dissociate what is in the order of speech from what is related to the voice.<\/p>\n<p>Automatic and real-time speech processing poses technological difficulties, the main one being the quality of the sound signal to be processed.\u00a0Nevertheless, there are different solutions based on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.science-et-vie.com\/definitions-science\/deep-learning-69467.html\"><em>deep learning<\/em><\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rts.ch\/info\/sciences-tech\/12796888-supprimer-les-accents-dune-voix-peut-la-rendre-plus-comprehensible.html\">neural networks<\/a>\u00a0, as well as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-francaise-de-linguistique-appliquee-2007-1-page-71.htm\">large speech corpora<\/a>\u00a0, which allow better management of uncertainties in the signal.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of foreign languages, Sylvain Detey, Lionel Fontan and Thomas Pellegrini identify\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.atala.org\/sites\/default\/files\/article-tap-didactique_21092017.pdf\">a few issues inherent in the development of these technologies<\/a>\u00a0, namely which standard to use to make a comparison with what is expected, or even the role that corpora can have in the determination of these objectives \u2013 without any particularly promising answers emerging for the moment.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>The Myth of the Neutral Accent<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>However, identifying an accent is not limited to acoustic cues alone.\u00a0Donald L. Rubin was able to demonstrate that listeners can\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40196047\">recreate the impression of a perceived accent<\/a>\u00a0simply by associating faces with supposedly different origins to voices.\u00a0Similarly, in the absence of these other cues, speakers are\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/glottopol.univ-rouen.fr\/telecharger\/numero_31\/gpl31_03avanzi_boulademareuil.pdf\">not so good at recognizing accents<\/a>\u00a0they don&#8217;t regularly hear or stereotypically represent to themselves, e.g. idea that there are a lot of consonants in German.<\/p>\n<p>Wanting to remove accents to counter the social effects of discrimination on accent amounts to asking the question of what a \u201cneutral\u201d accent is.\u00a0Now, all variations of pronunciation imply representations.\u00a0M\u00e9d\u00e9ric Gasquet-Cyrus, \u201cMarseille specialist\u201d according to the media, reminds us that even\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/langue-francaise\/expressions-francaises\/2018\/08\/29\/37003-20180829ARTFIG00032-mederic-gasquet-cyrus-parler-avec-un-accent-peut-s-averer-tres-stigmatisant.php\">the so-called \u201cParisian\u201d accent is an accent<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0In French, the accent that is described as \u201cstandard\u201d has evolved based on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.verbotonale-phonetique.com\/norme-phonetique-francais\/\">sociologically dominant groups<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0: Parisian upper middle class, media (radio, TV), favored middle classes, for example.<\/p>\n<p>For several years, researchers grouped together in a collective have been trying to determine the contours of a reference French based on the similarities that exist between all the dialects of the Francophonie.\u00a0The project\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortolang.fr\/market\/corpora\/pfc\">&#8220;Phonology of contemporary French&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0has thus made it possible to provide the general public with accents to hear.<\/p>\n<p>It should also be noted that the value attributed to an accent (strong, soft, romantic, hard) depends largely on individuals, periods and social groups.\u00a0However, Iv\u00e1n F\u00f3nagy, a Hungarian philologist, has shown that individuals tend to attribute the same properties to sounds in his book\u00a0<em>La vive voix: Essays in psychophonetics<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0: the \/r\/ a feisty sound, the \/i\/ as a small , \/u\/ (the spelling \u201cou\u201d) as opulent, etc.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Delete or keep, the chicken or the egg?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>In sociology, Wayne Brekhus raises the question of the need to look at the invisible and to deal at the same time with the marked and the unmarked \u2013 the accent and what is considered to be a non-accent.\u00a0This leads to reviewing the power relations that exist between individuals and the way in which we homogenize the marked: the one who has (according to others) an accent.<\/p>\n<p>Also, we are led to question\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www-cairn-info.bases-doc.univ-lorraine.fr\/revue-management-des-technologies-organisationnelles-2019-1-page-221.htm\">how emerging technologies can make us more \u201cactor\u201d or \u201cactress\u201d than \u201cautomaton\u201d<\/a>\u00a0, according to Catherine Pascale, by participating in the creation of an eco-ethical framework.\u00a0Removing an accent means valuing a dominant type of accent while neglecting the fact that other co-factors will contribute to the perception of this accent just as much as the emergence of language discrimination.\u00a0Removing the accent does not remove the discriminations.\u00a0On the contrary, the accent makes the identity heard, thus participating in phenomena of humanization, of adherence to the group or even of empathy: the accent is quite alteritarian.<\/p>\n<p>If the evolution of technologies by artificial intelligence and\u00a0<em>deep learning<\/em>\u00a0offer society still unexplored potential, they can also lead to a dystopia where dehumanization leads to relegating to the background the political and social role, however major, on living together and diversity echoed\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/fr\/legal-affairs\/unesco-universal-declaration-cultural-diversity\">by the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>Rather than hiding them, it seems necessary to make recruiters aware of how accents can contribute to customer satisfaction and that politicians take up this issue.\u00a0If the National Assembly had taken a strong step by voting, in 2020, a text prohibiting discrimination on the accent, La Provence\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.laprovence.com\/article\/societe\/22557813992975\/marseille-la-glottophobie-peut-continuer-a-regner\">recalls<\/a>\u00a0that the Senate does not seem to seize it since it still does not appear at its order .\u00a0today, two years later.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bio:<\/strong> Gregory Miras is a University Professor in Language Didactics at the University of Lorraine<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>June 2022, the\u00a0SANAS company\u00a0announces that it has raised 32 million dollars for the creation of a technology based on artificial intelligence whose\u00a0objective is to remove accents\u00a0.\u00a0September 2022, the platform is born not without creating interest, curiosity and excitement in both the English-speaking\u00a0and\u00a0French &#8211; speaking\u00a0world . Such software plunges us into a\u00a0contemporary dystopia\u00a0where technology comes to [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/when-ai-attacks-our-accents\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[434250],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-66792","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science-tech","tag-contemporary-dystopia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>When AI attacks our accents - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/when-ai-attacks-our-accents\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"When AI attacks our accents - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"June 2022, the\u00a0SANAS company\u00a0announces that it has raised 32 million dollars for the creation of a technology based on artificial intelligence whose\u00a0objective is to remove accents\u00a0.\u00a0September 2022, the platform is born not without creating interest, curiosity and excitement in both the English-speaking\u00a0and\u00a0French &#8211; speaking\u00a0world . 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