{"id":66716,"date":"2023-01-11T00:04:35","date_gmt":"2023-01-11T05:04:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=66716"},"modified":"2023-01-11T00:04:35","modified_gmt":"2023-01-11T05:04:35","slug":"china-now-publishes-more-high-quality-science-than-any-other-nation-should-the-us-be-worried","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/china-now-publishes-more-high-quality-science-than-any-other-nation-should-the-us-be-worried\/","title":{"rendered":"China now publishes more high-quality science than any other nation \u2013 should the US be worried?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

By at least one measure, China now\u00a0leads the world in producing high-quality science<\/a>. My research shows that Chinese scholars now publish\u00a0a larger fraction of the top 1% most cited scientific papers<\/a>\u00a0globally than scientists from any other country.<\/p>\n

I am a\u00a0policy expert and analyst<\/a>\u00a0who studies how\u00a0governmental investment in science, technology and innovation<\/a>\u00a0improves social welfare. While a country\u2019s scientific prowess is somewhat difficult to quantify, I\u2019d argue that the amount of money spent on scientific research, the number of scholarly papers published and the quality of those papers are good stand-in measures.<\/p>\n

China is not the only nation to drastically improve its science capacity in recent years, but China\u2019s rise has been particularly dramatic. This has left U.S.\u00a0policy experts and government officials worried<\/a>\u00a0about how China\u2019s scientific supremacy will\u00a0shift the global balance of power<\/a>. China\u2019s recent ascendancy results from years of governmental policy aiming to be tops in science and technology. The country has taken explicit steps to get where it is today, and the U.S. now has a choice to make about how to respond to a scientifically competitive China.<\/p>\n

Growth across decades<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In 1977, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping introduced the\u00a0Four Modernizations<\/a>, one of which was strengthening China\u2019s science sector and technological progress. As recently as 2000, the\u00a0U.S. produced many times the number of scientific papers as China<\/a>\u00a0annually. However, over the past three decades or so, China has invested funds to grow domestic research capabilities, to send students and researchers abroad to study, and to encourage Chinese businesses to shift to manufacturing high-tech products.<\/p>\n

Since 2000, China has sent an estimated\u00a05.2 million students and scholars to study abroad<\/a>. The majority of them studied science or engineering. Many of these students remained where they studied, but an increasing number\u00a0return to China<\/a>\u00a0to work in well-resourced laboratories and high-tech companies.<\/p>\n

Today, China is second only to the U.S. in how much it\u00a0spends on science and technology<\/a>. Chinese universities now produce the largest\u00a0number of engineering Ph.D.s<\/a>\u00a0in the world, and the quality of Chinese universities has\u00a0dramatically improved in recent years<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Producing more and better science<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Thanks to all this investment and a growing, capable workforce, China\u2019s scientific output \u2013 as measured by the number of total published papers \u2013 has increased steadily over the years. In 2017,\u00a0Chinese scholars published more scientific papers<\/a>\u00a0than U.S. researchers for the first time.<\/p>\n

Quantity does not necessarily mean quality though. For many years, researchers in the West wrote off Chinese research as low quality and often as simply\u00a0imitating research from the U.S. and Europe<\/a>. During the 2000s and 2010s, much of the work coming from China did not receive significant attention from the global scientific community.<\/p>\n

But as China has continued to invest in science, I began to wonder whether the explosion in the quantity of research was accompanied by improving quality.<\/p>\n

To quantify China\u2019s scientific strength, my colleagues and I looked at citations. A citation is when an academic paper is referenced \u2013 or cited \u2013 by another paper. We considered that the more times a paper has been cited, the higher quality and more influential the work. Given that logic, the top 1% most cited papers should represent the upper echelon of high-quality science.<\/p>\n

My colleagues and I counted how many papers published by a country were in the top 1% of science as measured by the number of citations in various disciplines. Going year by year from 2015 to 2019, we then compared different countries. We were surprised to find that in 2019, Chinese authors\u00a0published a greater percentage of the most influential papers<\/a>, with China claiming 8,422 articles in the top category, while the U.S had 7,959 and the European Union had 6,074. In just one recent example, we found that in 2022, Chinese researchers published three times as many papers on artificial intelligence as U.S. researchers; in the top 1% most cited AI research, Chinese papers outnumbered U.S. papers by a 2-to-1 ratio. Similar patterns can be seen with China leading in the top 1% most cited papers in nanoscience, chemistry and transportation.<\/p>\n

Our research also found that Chinese research was\u00a0surprisingly novel and creative<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 and not simply copying western researchers. To measure this, we looked at the mix of disciplines referenced in scientific papers. The more diverse and varied the referenced research was in a single paper, the more interdisciplinary and novel we considered the work. We found Chinese research to be as innovative as other top performing countries.<\/p>\n

Taken together, these measures suggest that China is now\u00a0no longer an imitator<\/a>\u00a0nor producer of only low-quality science. China is now a scientific power on par with the U.S. and Europe, both in quantity and in quality.<\/p>\n

Fear or collaboration?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Scientific capability is intricately tied to both military and economic power. Because of this relationship, many in the U.S. \u2013 from\u00a0politicians<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0policy experts<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 have expressed concern that China\u2019s scientific rise is a threat to the U.S., and the government has taken steps to slow China\u2019s growth. The recent\u00a0Chips and Science Act of 2022<\/a>\u00a0explicitly limits cooperation with China in some areas of research and manufacturing. In October 2022, the Biden administration put restrictions in place to limit China\u2019s access to\u00a0key technologies with military applications<\/a>.<\/p>\n

A number of scholars, including me, see these fears and policy responses as rooted in a nationalistic view that doesn\u2019t wholly map onto the global endeavor of science.<\/p>\n

Academic research in the modern world is in large part driven by the exchange of ideas and information. The results are published in publicly available journals that anyone can read. Science is also becoming ever more\u00a0international and collaborative<\/a>, with researchers around the world depending on each other to push their fields forward. Recent collaborative research\u00a0on cancer<\/a>,\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0agriculture<\/a>\u00a0are just a few of many examples. My own work has also shown that when researchers from China and the U.S. collaborate, they produce\u00a0higher quality<\/a>\u00a0science than either one alone.<\/p>\n

China has joined the ranks of top scientific and technological nations, and some of the concerns over shifts of power are reasonable in my view. But the U.S. can also benefit from China\u2019s scientific rise. With many global issues facing the planet \u2013 like\u00a0climate change<\/a>, to name just one \u2013 there may be wisdom in looking at this new situation as not only a threat, but also an opportunity.<\/p>\n

Author Bio<\/strong>: Caroline Wagner is the Milton & Roslyn Wolf Chair in International Affairs at The Ohio State University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By at least one measure, China now\u00a0leads the world in producing high-quality science. My research shows that Chinese scholars now publish\u00a0a larger fraction of the top 1% most cited scientific papers\u00a0globally than scientists from any other country. I am a\u00a0policy expert and analyst\u00a0who studies how\u00a0governmental investment in science, technology and innovation\u00a0improves social welfare. While a […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86115],"tags":[27840],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-66716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research","tag-research-publishing"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChina now publishes more high-quality science than any other nation \u2013 should the US be worried? - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/china-now-publishes-more-high-quality-science-than-any-other-nation-should-the-us-be-worried\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"China now publishes more high-quality science than any other nation \u2013 should the US be worried? - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By at least one measure, China now\u00a0leads the world in producing high-quality science. My research shows that Chinese scholars now publish\u00a0a larger fraction of the top 1% most cited scientific papers\u00a0globally than scientists from any other country. I am a\u00a0policy expert and analyst\u00a0who studies how\u00a0governmental investment in science, technology and innovation\u00a0improves social welfare. 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