{"id":66522,"date":"2022-12-26T23:58:54","date_gmt":"2022-12-27T04:58:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=66522"},"modified":"2022-12-26T23:58:54","modified_gmt":"2022-12-27T04:58:54","slug":"how-to-educate-your-children-against-hate-lessons-from-spinoza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/how-to-educate-your-children-against-hate-lessons-from-spinoza\/","title":{"rendered":"How to educate your children against hate? Lessons from Spinoza"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSo many worn hands, So many chains.\u00a0So many broken teeth, So much hatred.\u00a0Raymond Queneau, sung by Guy B\u00e9art, seems to have identified the sad face of our time.\u00a0So much so that the head of state thought he had to forcefully call for the erection of\u00a0<\/span>\u201cbulwarks\u201d against hatred<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Couldn’t education, shouldn’t it, constitute the first of these ramparts?\u00a0But can we really, and how, educate our children against hatred?<\/span><\/p>\n

In his\u00a0<\/span>Ethics<\/span><\/em><\/a>\u00a0, Spinoza defines hatred as\u00a0<\/span>sadness accompanied by the idea of \u200b\u200ban external cause<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0: \u201cTo hate someone is to imagine that he is the cause of sadness\u201d.\u00a0Sadness is, along with joy and desire, one of the three “primitive” human feelings.\u00a0A feeling is a state that affects the body by modifying (increasing, or decreasing) its power to act.\u00a0Generally speaking,\u00a0<\/span>joy<\/span><\/a>\u00a0increases this power of action, and marks the passage to a greater perfection;\u00a0and sadness diminishes it, which leads to less perfection.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hate is thus a sad passion.\u00a0As such, it is \u201cnecessarily bad\u201d.\u00a0It pushes to \u201cremove\u201d or \u201cdestroy\u201d what is its object.\u00a0We must therefore strive to combat it.\u00a0But the tragedy is that \u201cmen are by nature inclined to hate\u201d.\u00a0How then can it be possible to fight against such a \u201cnatural\u201d tendency?\u00a0Should education, in particular, be distorted on this point?<\/span><\/p>\n

Spinoza’s whole effort is to show how one can access a “good way of life” while remaining within the framework of the possibilities offered by human nature.\u00a0Better, by fully realizing this nature (which, for him, is a part of the divine nature).\u00a0Because man has, by nature, the ability to overcome hatred.\u00a0For this, three main ways are offered to him.<\/p>\n

Make reason prevail over passion<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u201cMan is always necessarily subject to the passions\u201d.\u00a0But action and passion have the same origin: \u201cit is one and the same tendency which makes us say that man is active or passive\u201d.\u00a0This tendency becomes passion when it is linked to inadequate ideas;\u00a0and virtue when linked to adequate ideas.<\/p>\n

Passion is only deprivation of knowledge.\u00a0It manifests the impotence of the spirit.\u00a0Conversely, the power of the mind manifests itself in clear and distinct knowledge, in the very act of understanding.<\/p>\n

Because passion does not have the power to erase reason.\u00a0On the contrary, “all the acts that we do determined by a feeling-passion, we can make them determined without it, by reason”.\u00a0Through knowledge, one acquires power over feelings.\u00a0In particular, “a feeling-passion ceases to be a passion as soon as we form a clear and distinct idea of \u200b\u200bit.”\u00a0It is reason \u2013 liberating, source of joy \u2013 which saves us from passion \u2013 cause of\u00a0servitude<\/a>\u00a0, synonymous with sadness.\u00a0Man can therefore be, in fact, subject to the passions;\u00a0but also freed from this submission.<\/p>\n

Since “to act by virtue is to act under the guidance of reason”, the first remedy for feelings such as hatred lies in their “true knowledge”.\u00a0To make reason prevail is therefore to orient all education towards bringing into play the very act of understanding.\u00a0To understand is “the good which he who acts by virtue desires for himself,” and which he “will also desire for all other men.”<\/p>\n

From the educational point of view, anything that leads to understanding is good;\u00a0bad, anything that has the effect of preventing understanding.\u00a0“Leading the intelligence to perfection is nothing other than understanding.”\u00a0This is why the child must be taught to be determined to act \u201cfrom what he understands\u201d.\u00a0The first way to erect an educational rampart against hatred is thus to make children understand that it is always necessary, and above all, to try to understand.\u00a0And to support them in this effort.<\/p>\n

Experience the power of love<\/strong><\/h4>\n

“It is rare, however, that men live under the guidance of reason.”\u00a0And, on the other hand, some might think that a life without passion would be pretty cutesy.\u00a0Fortunately, a second track is available to educators, which allows them to act while remaining on the level of feelings themselves: to fight, and overcome, a negative feeling-passion (hate), by an active, positive feeling (the ‘love).\u00a0Because “a feeling can only be repressed or suppressed by an opposite feeling stronger than it”.\u00a0In this case, “hate must be overcome by love (or generosity) and not compensated by reciprocal hatred”.<\/p>\n

But by what miracle can love, which is “the joy associated with the idea of \u200b\u200ban external cause”, be stronger than hate?\u00a0Quite simply, because the power to act is increased by joy, while it is diminished by sadness.\u00a0This is why \u201cwhoever lives under the guidance of reason strives, as much as he can, to give love (or generosity) in exchange for hatred, anger, contempt, etc.\u00a0he receives from others.\u00a0Especially since \u201cif one has at heart to overcome hatred with love, one fights with joy and security\u201d.<\/p>\n

But this is experienced, more than it is demonstrated.\u00a0The best way for parents and educators to combat hatred is therefore, as far as this second track is concerned, to love both their children and their students.\u00a0That is to say, to experience joy in thinking of them, and in being with them.\u00a0This implies, it must be observed, that we also love ourselves, that is to say that we experience joy from the simple fact of being ourselves.\u00a0But that leads to the third track.<\/p>\n

Reinforce the power to act<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The secret of the miracle of love is simple: it helps to reinforce the power to act in each child.\u00a0The power to act merges with the power to understand.\u00a0But hatred is a sign and an admission of powerlessness.\u00a0Bondage can be precisely defined as \u201cthe powerlessness of man to govern and repress his feelings\u201d.<\/p>\n

Everything rests on the “tendency”, which “is nothing other than the essence (or nature) of man”.\u00a0It is therefore nothing other than the power or effort (conatus) by which each thing perseveres in its being.\u00a0The trend feeds on itself.\u00a0\u201cThe more one strives to seek what is useful (to preserve one’s being) the more one can;\u00a0on the contrary, insofar as one neglects to preserve what is useful (one’s being), one is powerless\u201d.<\/p>\n

This is why it is necessary to help the child to safeguard his power.\u00a0How ?\u00a0Power develops in and through action.\u00a0The philosopher Alain will explain it clearly: \u201cthe great thing is to give the child a high idea of \u200b\u200bhis power, and to support it with victories\u201d.\u00a0The “difficulty conquered” is “the bait that suits man” (\u00a0<\/span>Propos sur l’\u00e9ducation<\/span><\/em><\/a>\u00a0).\u00a0The power to act is always joyful.\u00a0\u201cWhen the mind considers itself and its power to act, it is in joy\u201d.\u00a0The joy of being able to pass, by being active, to a greater perfection.<\/span><\/p>\n

To overcome hatred, it is therefore necessary, according to this third path, to experience self-satisfaction.\u00a0Indeed, \u201cthe joy that results from self-esteem is called self-love or self-satisfaction\u201d;\u00a0whence the necessity, noted above, of loving oneself!<\/span><\/p>\n

Finally, it should be noted that the power to act concerns the body as much as the mind.\u00a0For Spinoza, \u201cthinking substance and extended substance are one and the same substance\u201d.\u00a0So that:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe effort (or power) which animates the mind when it thinks is, by nature, equal and contemporaneous with the effort (or power) which animates the body when it acts\u201d.\u00a0Therefore, anything that increases is useful, harmful anything that decreases, the \u201ccapacity of the body\u201d:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe more a body is apt, compared to others, to do or undergo several things at the same time, the more its mind is apt, compared to others, to perceive several things at the same time\u201d.\u00a0Can we praise more highly physical education and sports, which will add its benefits to the implementation of love, and to the development of reason?<\/span><\/p>\n

Understand, love, act, these could therefore be, if we follow Spinoza, the three key words of an educational project whose ambition would be to arm against hatred.\u00a0And to live happily.<\/span><\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Charles Hadji is Honorary Professor (Educational Sciences) at the University of Grenoble Alpes (UGA)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cSo many worn hands, So many chains.\u00a0So many broken teeth, So much hatred.\u00a0Raymond Queneau, sung by Guy B\u00e9art, seems to have identified the sad face of our time.\u00a0So much so that the head of state thought he had to forcefully call for the erection of\u00a0\u201cbulwarks\u201d against hatred\u00a0.\u00a0Couldn’t education, shouldn’t it, constitute the first of these […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[32679],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-66522","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lifestyle","tag-hatred"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow to educate your children against hate? 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