{"id":65228,"date":"2022-10-13T00:08:27","date_gmt":"2022-10-13T04:08:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=65228"},"modified":"2022-10-13T00:08:27","modified_gmt":"2022-10-13T04:08:27","slug":"our-moon-has-been-slowly-drifting-away-from-earth-over-the-past-2-5-billion-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/our-moon-has-been-slowly-drifting-away-from-earth-over-the-past-2-5-billion-years\/","title":{"rendered":"Our moon has been slowly drifting away from Earth over the past 2.5 billion years"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Looking up at the moon in the night sky, you would never imagine that it is slowly moving away from Earth. But we know otherwise. In 1969, NASA\u2019s Apollo missions installed reflective panels on the moon. These have shown that the moon is\u00a0currently moving 3.8 cm away from the Earth every year<\/a>.<\/p>\n

If we take the moon\u2019s current rate of recession and project it back in time, we end up with a\u00a0collision between the Earth and moon around 1.5 billion years ago<\/a>. However, the moon was formed\u00a0around 4.5 billion years ago<\/a>, meaning that the current recession rate is a poor guide for the past.<\/p>\n

Along with our fellow researchers from\u00a0Utrecht University<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0University of Geneva<\/a>, we have been using a combination of techniques to try and gain information on our solar system\u2019s distant past.<\/p>\n

We recently discovered the perfect place to uncover the long-term history of our receding moon. And it\u2019s\u00a0not from studying the moon itself, but from reading signals in ancient layers of rock on Earth<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Reading between the layers<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In the beautiful\u00a0Karijini National Park<\/a>\u00a0in western Australia, some gorges cut through 2.5 billion year old, rhythmically layered sediments. These sediments are banded iron formations, comprising distinctive\u00a0layers of iron and silica-rich minerals<\/a>\u00a0once widely deposited on the ocean floor and now found on the oldest parts of the Earth\u2019s crust.<\/p>\n

Cliff exposures at\u00a0Joffre Falls<\/a>\u00a0show how layers of reddish-brown iron formation just under a metre thick are alternated, at regular intervals, by darker, thinner horizons.<\/p>\n

\"\"

The Joffre Gorge in Karijini National Park in western Australia, showing regular alternations between reddish-brown, harder rock and a softer, clay-rich rock (indicated by the arrows) at an average thickness of 85 cm. These alternations are attributed to past climate changes induced by variations in the eccentricity of the Earth\u2019s orbit. (Frits Hilgen), Author provided<\/p><\/div>\n

The darker intervals are composed of a softer type of rock which is more susceptible to erosion. A closer look at the outcrops reveals the presence of an additionally regular, smaller-scale variation. Rock surfaces, which have been polished by seasonal river water running through the gorge, uncover a pattern of alternating white, reddish and blueish-grey layers.<\/p>\n

In 1972, Australian geologist A.F. Trendall raised the question about\u00a0the origin of the different scales of cyclical, recurrent patterns visible in these ancient rock layers<\/a>. He suggested that the patterns might be related to past variations in climate induced by the so-called \u201cMilankovitch cycles.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cyclical climate changes<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The Milankovitch cycles\u00a0describe how small, periodic changes in the shape of the Earth\u2019s orbit and the orientation of its axis influence the distribution of sunlight received by Earth<\/a>\u00a0over spans of years.<\/p>\n

Right now, the dominant Milankovitch cycles change every 400,000 years, 100,000 years, 41,000 years and 21,000 years. These variations exert a strong control on our climate over long time periods.<\/p>\n

Key examples of the influence of Milankovitch climate forcing in the past are the occurrence of\u00a0extreme cold<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0warm periods<\/a>, as well as\u00a0wetter<\/a>\u00a0or dryer regional climate conditions.<\/p>\n

These climate changes have significantly altered the conditions at Earth\u2019s surface, such as\u00a0the size of lakes<\/a>. They are the explanation for the\u00a0periodic greening of the Saharan desert<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0low levels of oxygen in the deep ocean<\/a>. Milankovitch cycles have also influenced the\u00a0migration and evolution of flora and fauna<\/a>\u00a0including our\u00a0own species<\/a>.<\/p>\n

And the signatures of these changes can be read through\u00a0cyclical changes in sedimentary rocks<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Recorded wobbles<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The distance between the Earth and the moon is directly related to the frequency of one of the Milankovitch cycles \u2014\u00a0the climatic precession cycle<\/a>. This cycle arises from the precessional motion (wobble) or changing orientation of the Earth\u2019s spin axis over time. This cycle currently has a duration of ~21,000 years, but this period would have been shorter in the past when the moon was closer to Earth.<\/p>\n

This means that if we can first find Milankovitch cycles in old sediments and then find a signal of the Earth\u2019s wobble and establish its period, we can estimate the distance between the Earth and the moon at the time the sediments were deposited.<\/p>\n

Our previous research showed\u00a0that Milankovitch cycles may be preserved in an ancient banded iron formation in South Africa<\/a>, thus supporting Trendall\u2019s theory.<\/p>\n

The banded iron formations in Australia were probably\u00a0deposited in the same ocean<\/a>\u00a0as the South African rocks, around 2.5 billion years ago. However, the cyclic variations in the Australian rocks are better exposed, allowing us to study the variations at much higher resolution.<\/p>\n

Our analysis of the Australian banded iron formation showed that the rocks contained multiple scales of cyclical variations which approximately repeat at 10 and 85 cm intervals. On combining these thicknesses with the rate at which the sediments were deposited, we found that these cyclical variations occurred approximately every 11,000 years and 100,000 years.<\/p>\n

Therefore, our analysis suggested that the 11,000 cycle observed in the rocks is likely related to the climatic precession cycle, having a much shorter period than the current ~21,000 years. We then used this precession signal to\u00a0calculate the distance between the Earth and the moon 2.46 billion years ago<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"

We found that the moon was around 60,000 kilometres closer to the Earth 2.46 billion years ago. (Shutterstock)<\/p><\/div>\n

We found that the moon was around 60,000 kilometres closer to the Earth then (that distance is about 1.5 times the circumference of Earth). This would make the length of a day much shorter than it is now, at roughly 17 hours rather than the current 24 hours.<\/p>\n

Understanding solar system dynamics<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Research in astronomy has provided models for\u00a0the formation of our solar system<\/a>, and\u00a0observations of current conditions<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Our study and\u00a0some research by others<\/a>\u00a0represents one of the only methods to obtain real data on the evolution of our solar system, and will be crucial for\u00a0future models of the Earth-moon system<\/a>.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s quite amazing that past solar system dynamics can be determined from small variations in ancient sedimentary rocks. However, one important data point doesn\u2019t give us a full understanding of the evolution of the Earth-moon system.<\/p>\n

We now need other reliable data and new modelling approaches to trace the evolution of the moon through time. And our research team has already begun the hunt for the next suite of rocks that can help us uncover more clues about the history of the solar system.<\/p>\n

Author Bios:<\/strong> Joshua Davies is Professor, Sciences de la Terre et de l’atmosph\u00e8re at the Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al (UQAM) and Margriet Lantink is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Geoscience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Looking up at the moon in the night sky, you would never imagine that it is slowly moving away from Earth. But we know otherwise. In 1969, NASA\u2019s Apollo missions installed reflective panels on the moon. These have shown that the moon is\u00a0currently moving 3.8 cm away from the Earth every year. If we take […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86115],"tags":[433667],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-65228","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research","tag-moon-recession"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOur moon has been slowly drifting away from Earth over the past 2.5 billion years - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/our-moon-has-been-slowly-drifting-away-from-earth-over-the-past-2-5-billion-years\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Our moon has been slowly drifting away from Earth over the past 2.5 billion years - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Looking up at the moon in the night sky, you would never imagine that it is slowly moving away from Earth. 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