{"id":62445,"date":"2022-04-13T16:56:45","date_gmt":"2022-04-13T20:56:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=62445"},"modified":"2022-04-13T16:56:45","modified_gmt":"2022-04-13T20:56:45","slug":"vocational-high-school-finally-subject-of-debate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/vocational-high-school-finally-subject-of-debate\/","title":{"rendered":"Vocational high school, finally subject of debate?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"In end-of-year discussions around the baccalaureate, this is the path that is least highlighted.\u00a0But would the vocational route have gained public attention through political debates?\u00a0The vocational high school would in any case have become a\u00a0“surprise campaign subject”<\/a>\u00a0, headlined\u00a0Le Monde<\/em>\u00a0on April 1 ,\u00a02022<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0.<\/p>\n

And this is by no means a joke.\u00a0President candidate Emmanuel Macron declared when launching his campaign that he wanted to carry out a\u00a0major reform of the vocational high school<\/a>\u00a0, by bringing establishments and companies closer together and by paying high school students during their internship periods.\u00a0Val\u00e9rie P\u00e9cresse (Les R\u00e9publicains) intends to\u00a0entrust the responsibility for orientation<\/a>\u00a0, learning and the professional path to the regions, while Yannick Jadot (Les Verts) and Jean-Luc M\u00e9lenchon (La France Insoumise) underline the importance of these sectors for training the specialists needed for the ecological transition.<\/p>\n

However, this is not the first time that the vocational high school and the question of apprenticeship have been the subject of keen attention by presidential candidates.\u00a0This had already been the case during the great televised debate on TF1 on March 20, 2017, as the\u00a0specialized information site on education VousNousIls\u00a0had retained . <\/a>Fran\u00e7ois Fillon then said he wanted to “reinforce” learning, Emmanuel Macron considered it “very important”, while Jean-Luc M\u00e9lenchon criticized him, preferring the formula of internships under school status and deploring “the closure of 170 vocational high schools” in 10 years.<\/p>\n

French specificities<\/strong><\/h4>\n

We can clearly see the divisions and political continuities on the subject, from 2017 to 2022. But to better grasp them and understand the stakes of the major inflection attempts that are under debate, it is necessary to take the measure of the singularity of France in this matter, a singularity that comes from afar.<\/p>\n

According to the historians of vocational education Guy Brucy and Vincent Troger, the schooling of vocational training is specific to the French education system, as they explained in the\u00a0Revue fran\u00e7aise de p\u00e9dagogie<\/em><\/a>
\n\u201cThis education, which began to be built at the end of the 19th century, is the result of collaboration between part of the senior civil service\u00a0and<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0the employers of the most modern sectors of industry and commerce [\u2026] .\u00a0The war, the Vichy government, the Liberation swung this policy towards a more pronounced interventionism and a generalization of schooling.\u00a0The \u201cFrench model\u201d of schooling and the regulation of vocational training through diplomas was then put in place, but always with the explicit support of the most dynamic sectors of industry and commerce.\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>
\nA second level, decisive, is reached at the beginning of the\u00a0Fifth<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0Republic.\u00a0Vocational training then became a major concern of the French school.\u00a0The Treaty of Rome, signed in 1957, has just established the European Community.\u00a0Gaullist nationalist voluntarism takes this situation as a challenge to be taken up, an ardent obligation for the survival and rank of France.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Bakery workshop in an apprentice training center (Caen, 2007). Mychele Daniau\/AFP<\/p><\/div>\n

“International competition, to which the end of customs within the Common Market and the liberalization of world trade subjects us, confronts our companies with problems that protectionism once spared them”, explains Charles de Gaulle in\u00a0Memoirs of Hope. : effort<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

The school, for the General, must evolve profoundly in order to contribute \u2013 directly or indirectly \u2013 to this necessary and desired transformation.\u00a0The testimonies of former collaborators of the President of the Republic are unequivocal: he unambiguously wanted vocational training to be a matter of State, a matter of State.<\/p>\n

Michel Debr\u00e9, his Prime Minister, emphasizes that “the importance to be given to technical education and vocational training was one of the main points of agreement between the General and him”.\u00a0He recalls<\/a>\u00a0that, as Minister of Finance, he had a\u00a0law<\/a>\u00a0voted declaring that \u201cThe State was responsible for vocational training\u201d, and he evokes \u201cthe pleasure felt by the General at the release of this text\u201d.<\/p>\n

Economic strategies<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The establishment in 1985 of vocational baccalaureates and vocational high schools completes this development.\u00a0On May 22, 1985, Prime Minister Laurent Fabius announced that the government was preparing \u201ca five-year program law\u201d.\u00a0It is a question of favoring \u201ca gigantic leap forward, fundamental for the modernization of the country\u201d.\u00a0Laurent Fabius specifies that this law will allow the creation of new schools, the \u201cvocational high schools\u201d, and the establishment of a new baccalaureate, the \u201cprofessional baccalaureate\u201d.<\/p>\n

On May 28, 1985, the Minister of National Education commented on this announcement.\u00a0According to Jean-Pierre Chev\u00e8nement, it is primarily a question of meeting the needs of the modernization of the country by training more and more qualified workers, “often at the level of the baccalaureate, sometimes at an even higher level”.\u00a0The Minister of National Education wishes to “erase the image of the poor relation of National Education attached to vocational technical education” for “this part of the youth who most needs to be offered prospects” but also for its professors, whose career has been \u201ctoo often limited by the horizon of the system itself\u201d.<\/p>\n

The creation of the vocational baccalaureate is therefore referred to a desire for national affirmation in a situation of intensified economic war, like the Gaullist reform of vocational training at the start of the\u00a0Fifth<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0Republic.<\/p>\n

It is not without importance during this presidential election that we deal with \u201cvocational training\u201d, and especially \u201cvocational high schools\u201d or \u201clearning\u201d.\u00a0Are we in a world situation requiring an adjustment in the economic and industrial order comparable to the historical antecedents mentioned?<\/p>\n

Should we deal with the subject first and foremost in a reaffirmed national ambition and framework, \u201cas before\u201d?\u00a0Is it a national political issue of prime importance to be treated as such, or should it be left to the vagaries and vagaries of \u201cliberal\u201d business and possibility?\u00a0This seems to be the decisive choice to be made in this case.\u00a0It is still necessary to explain it and to assume it clearly, in full knowledge of the facts.<\/p>\n

Author Bio: <\/strong>Claude Lelievre is a Teacher-researcher in the history of education, honorary professor at Paris-Descartes at Paris Cit\u00e9 University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In end-of-year discussions around the baccalaureate, this is the path that is least highlighted.\u00a0But would the vocational route have gained public attention through political debates?\u00a0The vocational high school would in any case have become a\u00a0“surprise campaign subject”\u00a0, headlined\u00a0Le Monde\u00a0on April 1 ,\u00a02022\u00a0\u00a0. And this is by no means a joke.\u00a0President candidate Emmanuel Macron declared when […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[428992],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-62445","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","tag-vocational-high-schoo"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nVocational high school, finally subject of debate? - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/vocational-high-school-finally-subject-of-debate\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vocational high school, finally subject of debate? - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In end-of-year discussions around the baccalaureate, this is the path that is least highlighted.\u00a0But would the vocational route have gained public attention through political debates?\u00a0The vocational high school would in any case have become a\u00a0“surprise campaign subject”\u00a0, headlined\u00a0Le Monde\u00a0on April 1 ,\u00a02022\u00a0\u00a0. 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