{"id":61930,"date":"2022-03-03T02:01:44","date_gmt":"2022-03-03T07:01:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=61930"},"modified":"2022-03-03T02:01:44","modified_gmt":"2022-03-03T07:01:44","slug":"why-your-kid-wont-put-down-the-smartphone-its-not-your-fault","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/why-your-kid-wont-put-down-the-smartphone-its-not-your-fault\/","title":{"rendered":"Why your kid won\u2019t put down the smartphone \u2013 it\u2019s not your fault"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Nearly\u00a0three-quarters of parents<\/a>\u00a0are concerned that their\u00a0kids\u2019 use of mobile devices<\/a>\u00a0may be harmful to them or to family relationships \u2013 and that was from research done before the pandemic.<\/p>\n

But it\u2019s not parents\u2019 \u2013 or the kids\u2019 \u2013 fault. Every time a parent and child try to turn off a game or put a device down, they\u2019re not fighting each other \u2013 they\u2019re fighting the\u00a0invisible army of behavioral design specialists<\/a>\u00a0who make technology experiences so hard to tear yourself away from.<\/p>\n

The people who create apps and games use insights from, and experts in, an area of psychology research called \u201cpersuasive design<\/a>,\u201d whose scholars seek to understand how to create something that is next to impossible to put down.<\/p>\n

But it\u2019s important to be careful when seeking to hook kids on something, as psychologist\u00a0Richard Freed<\/a>\u00a0and I explain in our\u00a0analysis of the ethical issues involved in persuasive design<\/a>\u00a0for children and adolescents.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Psychology is part of the reason kids and teens are so attached to their phones. Noam Galai\/Getty Images<\/p><\/div>\n

A quick primer<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Simply put, persuasive design combines\u00a0behavioral psychology with technology<\/a>\u00a0to alter human behavior. It is the answer to the perennial question, \u201cWhy are kids so glued to devices?\u201d<\/p>\n

The most basic summary is that there are\u00a0three key mechanisms that together can change a person\u2019s behavior<\/a>: create high motivation, demand little effort and frequently cue users to engage.<\/p>\n

Knowledge of these principles can have productive and useful purposes, like encouraging people to\u00a0walk more<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0eat more fruits and vegetables<\/a>. However, one common use of persuasive design is to\u00a0increase the amount of time<\/a>\u00a0a person spends using a particular app or game. That boosts the number of ads the person will see and the possibility the person might buy something in the game, which both increase the revenue to the app designer.<\/p>\n

Adults are influenced by persuasive design, too. It\u2019s why they\u00a0binge-watch streaming shows<\/a>,\u00a0endlessly scroll social media<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0habitually play video games<\/a>.<\/p>\n

But since children\u2019s brains are so malleable, kids are\u00a0uniquely susceptible to persuasive design strategies<\/a>. Many parents have observed kids\u2019 exceptional excitement at receiving stickers and tokens, whether physical or digital. This is because the ventral striatum, the brain\u2019s pleasure center, is\u00a0more responsive to dopamine<\/a>, the brain\u2019s reward chemical,\u00a0in children\u2019s brains<\/a>\u00a0than in the brains of adults.<\/p>\n

This excitement leads them to want to repeat the behavior to experience the neurological rewards over and over.<\/p>\n

In\u00a02019 survey research<\/a>\u00a0on adolescent screen time, three types of heavy users emerged from the data, all of which are influenced by persuasive design:\u00a0social media users<\/a>,\u00a0video gamers<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0video viewers<\/a>.<\/p>\n

How it works<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Social media sites like Instagram, Facebook, TikTok and Snapchat are\u00a0engineered to maximize<\/a>\u00a0the results of persuasive design. Using \u201clike\u201d buttons and heart emojis, those sites provide social signals, like acceptance and approval, which\u00a0teens are highly motivated to seek<\/a>. The act of scrolling through the sites requires very little effort. And the apps trigger regular reengagement through\u00a0continual notifications<\/a>\u00a0and prompts.<\/p>\n

Snapchat, for instance, urges users to send snaps at least every 24 hours to\u00a0keep their Snapstreak alive<\/a>. To avoid the\u00a0stress<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0missing out<\/a>\u00a0on reactions or updates from their friends, kids check social media\u00a0increasingly frequently<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In video games, Fortnite lets players know how close they are to beating an opponent. This triggers the \u201cnear miss<\/a>\u201d phenomenon, encouraging people to keep playing because they were so close, they might win next time. This is just one of the ways persuasive design has been adapted\u00a0from gambling systems for adults<\/a>\u00a0into\u00a0digital video games aimed at kids<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ethical concerns<\/strong><\/h4>\n

As a scholar of psychology, I am concerned that\u00a0psychologists are helping technology designers<\/a>\u00a0use the principles of psychology to manipulate children and adolescents into increasing their use of a particular app, game or website.<\/p>\n

At the same time, other psychologists are researching the harms of these activities, including\u00a0anxiety<\/a>,\u00a0depression<\/a>,\u00a0attention issues<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0obesity<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Still other psychologists have opened treatment centers to\u00a0treat internet gaming disorder<\/a>\u00a0and other mental health issues associated with excessive and problematic use, like\u00a0anxiety and depression<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In my view, the principles of one field should not both create and provide treatment for a problem. The American Psychological Association, the largest professional association for psychologists in America, has an\u00a0ethics code<\/a>\u00a0requiring psychologists to do no harm, object to work that does not benefit people\u2019s well-being and take special care when dealing with young people because they are not yet fully mature.<\/p>\n

As such, I believe psychologists have an obligation to protect children from the influences of persuasive technology. Researchers who help social media sites and games may think they are just trying to help the companies make the most dynamic and engaging products possible. But the reality is they are turning a blind eye to the many psychological harms that research has shown these products cause.<\/p>\n

Parents and children are rightfully concerned about the degree to which games, videos and social media are engineered to exploit kids\u2019 impressionable minds. Psychologists could make an effort to explain to parents and kids how children\u2019s brains develop, and how persuasive design exploits that process. This can help families stop arguing with each other about spending too much time with their devices and recognize that the bigger threat is not the devices themselves but rather the companies that design these devices and apps to be so difficult to turn off.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Meghan Owenz is Assistant Teaching Professor of Rehabilitation and Human Service at Penn State<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nearly\u00a0three-quarters of parents\u00a0are concerned that their\u00a0kids\u2019 use of mobile devices\u00a0may be harmful to them or to family relationships \u2013 and that was from research done before the pandemic. But it\u2019s not parents\u2019 \u2013 or the kids\u2019 \u2013 fault. Every time a parent and child try to turn off a game or put a device down, […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[428929],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-61930","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lifestyle","tag-persuasive-design"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhy your kid won\u2019t put down the smartphone \u2013 it\u2019s not your fault - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/why-your-kid-wont-put-down-the-smartphone-its-not-your-fault\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Why your kid won\u2019t put down the smartphone \u2013 it\u2019s not your fault - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nearly\u00a0three-quarters of parents\u00a0are concerned that their\u00a0kids\u2019 use of mobile devices\u00a0may be harmful to them or to family relationships \u2013 and that was from research done before the pandemic. 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