{"id":60005,"date":"2021-10-26T03:47:55","date_gmt":"2021-10-26T07:47:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=60005"},"modified":"2021-10-26T16:54:09","modified_gmt":"2021-10-26T20:54:09","slug":"why-do-colleges-use-legacy-admissions-5-questions-answered","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/why-do-colleges-use-legacy-admissions-5-questions-answered\/","title":{"rendered":"Why do colleges use legacy admissions? 5 questions answered"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nLegacy admissions \u2013 a practice in which colleges give special consideration to children of alumni when deciding who to admit \u2013 have been\u00a0making headlines<\/a>. Colleges are increasingly being called on to rethink the merits of the practice \u2013 and some colleges are beginning to heed those calls. Here, Nadirah Farah Foley, a postdoctoral associate at New York University, answers five questions about the elitist history of legacy admissions and their uncertain future.<\/em><\/p>\n

1. How long have legacy admissions been around?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Legacy admissions\u00a0became common in the 1920s<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 one of the most\u00a0blatantly exclusionary and discriminatory eras<\/a>\u00a0in the history of United States higher education.<\/p>\n

Dartmouth College<\/a>\u00a0instituted a legacy policy in 1922.\u00a0Yale University followed<\/a>\u00a0in 1925.<\/p>\n

At the time, Ivy League universities were preoccupied with preserving their status as bastions of the elite. Harvard, for example, had long been the university of choice for\u00a0Boston\u2019s upper class<\/a>. But as students from other backgrounds \u2014\u00a0especially Jews<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 began to gain admission, Harvard and other elite universities sought to keep \u201csocial undesirables<\/a>\u201d to a minimum on campus, according to sociologist Jerome Karabel.<\/p>\n

As Karabel revealed in his 2006 book \u201cThe Chosen<\/a>,\u201d by the 1930s, nearly a third of Yale undergraduates were the children of people who themselves had graduated from Yale. This was no accident: Yale\u2019s dean of admissions at the time, James Noyes, wrote in a confidential memo that \u201cthe [admissions] Board gives all possible preference to the sons of Yale men.\u201d<\/p>\n

Princeton made its preference for legacies even more explicit \u2013 and public. A 1958 alumni brochure stated: \u201cNo matter how many other boys apply, the Princeton son is judged on this one question: can he be expected to graduate? If so, he\u2019s admitted.\u201d<\/p>\n

2. Why are legacy admissions problematic?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Legacy admissions are\u00a0frequently debated<\/a>\u00a0because they represent a glaring contradiction in American higher education. On the one hand, prestigious universities say they are committed to admitting the \u201cbest and brightest<\/a>.\u201d On the other hand, these same universities uphold a preference for the children of alumni \u2014 a practice that\u00a0disproportionately benefits wealthy, white students<\/a>\u00a0and is patently not about merit. Admitting an inordinately high percentage of children of privilege raises this question: Do universities really want the best and brightest? Or do they want the richest and whitest?<\/p>\n

3. Couldn\u2019t legacy admis<\/strong>sions eventually help historically underrepresented groups?<\/h4>\n

Elite universities have grown more diverse in recent decades. Harvard College, for example, was\u00a0nearly 80% white in 1980<\/a>\u00a0but enrolled a\u00a0class that was less than half white in 2017<\/a>.<\/p>\n

So on a small scale, preserving legacy admissions could\u00a0benefit applicants of color who are children of alumni<\/a>. But at Princeton, where\u00a0more than half of admitted students were people of color<\/a>\u00a0in 2019, just\u00a027% of legacy admits were students of color<\/a>. The point is, even as universities like Princeton diversify, legacy admissions may continue to skew super white.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s also worth remembering that non-white graduates of Harvard and similar institutions \u2014 and therefore their children \u2014 represent a tiny fraction of people of color. Undergraduate classes at Harvard average around 1,600 students. So\u00a0even with admitted classes that are over 15% Black<\/a>, Harvard College graduates at most a few hundred Black students each year.<\/p>\n

Giving an additional boost to the children of alumni, even if they are people of color, does little to move the needle on racial equity. Instead, it serves to reproduce an elite \u2013 and even a racially diverse elite is still an elite, which can only exist so long as stark inequalities do.<\/p>\n

4. Are colleges responding to calls to end legacy admissions?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In recent years, a few high-profile universities \u2013 including\u00a0Johns Hopkins University<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0all public colleges and universities in Colorado<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 have ended legacy admissions. In October 2021, Amherst College\u00a0ended legacy admissions<\/a>\u00a0as well.<\/p>\n

These universities joined a\u00a0small list<\/a>\u00a0of selective schools without legacy preferences. The list includes the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology, which never considered legacy status, and\u00a0the University of California system<\/a>, which has not considered legacy status since the 1990s.<\/p>\n

But while the percentage of the top 250 U.S. universities that use legacy admissions is\u00a0down to 56%<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 from 63% in 2004 \u2013 many selective universities still consider legacy status.<\/p>\n

5. Is there any reason to keep legacy admissions?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Elite universities often say legacy admissions are necessary to keep alumni donations high. Harvard College\u2019s dean of admissions, William Fitzsimmons, has repeatedly defended Harvard\u2019s preferential treatment of the children of alumni and donors. In a deposition for an\u00a0affirmative action lawsuit<\/a>\u00a0filed against Harvard, he said that legacy preferences were\u00a0\u201cessential to Harvard\u2019s well-being<\/a>.\u201d At trial,\u00a0Fitzsimmons elaborated<\/a>, \u201cIt is important for the long-term strength of the institution to have the resources we need.\u201d<\/p>\n

Research, however, has found\u00a0no correlation between legacy preferences and university revenues<\/a>. Another study indicated\u00a0legacy admissions policies have little to no effect on alumni giving<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Some defenders of legacy admissions now offer a different justification: the contributions legacy students make to the campus community. Brown University\u2019s dean of admissions, Logan Powell, highlighted the fact that\u00a0legacy admissions are very involved in mentoring<\/a>\u00a0and internship experiences for current students. Rakesh Khurana, dean of Harvard College, has also highlighted the contributions that children of alumni make on campus. He asserted that it was valuable to have students who \u201chave more experience with Harvard\u201d\u00a0alongside \u201cothers who are less familiar<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

This use of diversity to defend legacy admissions is notable. Diversity is usually mentioned in defense of\u00a0affirmative action<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 a policy that supports the inclusion of historically underrepresented groups. But now, some universities seem poised to use \u201cdiversity\u201d in defense of legacy admissions, which furthers the status quo and keeps generation after generation of elites on campus.<\/p>\n

After a century of legacy admissions, there is abundant evidence that wealthy white alumni and their children are the most likely to benefit. There is also little evidence showing why such policies should continue. But legacy admissions are mostly an issue for a small number of selective universities, and a small portion \u2014\u00a0often between 10% to 15%<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 of their total admissions at that.<\/p>\n

Doing away with legacy admissions won\u2019t fix an admissions game\u00a0tilted toward the children of privilege<\/a>. But as universities profess their commitment to diversity, heeding\u00a0calls from alumni to abandon legacy preferences<\/a>\u00a0could be one small step toward making sure all applicants get a fairer shake.
\n
\nAuthor Bio:<\/strong>Legacy admissions \u2013 a practice in which colleges give special consideration to children of alumni when deciding who to admit \u2013 have been\u00a0making headlines<\/a>. Colleges are increasingly being called on to rethink the merits of the practice \u2013 and some colleges are beginning to heed those calls. Here, Nadirah Farah Foley, a postdoctoral associate at New York University, answers five questions about the elitist history of legacy admissions and their uncertain future.<\/em><\/p>\n

1. How long have legacy admissions been around?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Legacy admissions\u00a0became common in the 1920s<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 one of the most\u00a0blatantly exclusionary and discriminatory eras<\/a>\u00a0in the history of United States higher education.<\/p>\n

Dartmouth College<\/a>\u00a0instituted a legacy policy in 1922.\u00a0Yale University followed<\/a>\u00a0in 1925.<\/p>\n

At the time, Ivy League universities were preoccupied with preserving their status as bastions of the elite. Harvard, for example, had long been the university of choice for\u00a0Boston\u2019s upper class<\/a>. But as students from other backgrounds \u2014\u00a0especially Jews<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 began to gain admission, Harvard and other elite universities sought to keep \u201csocial undesirables<\/a>\u201d to a minimum on campus, according to sociologist Jerome Karabel.<\/p>\n

As Karabel revealed in his 2006 book \u201cThe Chosen<\/a>,\u201d by the 1930s, nearly a third of Yale undergraduates were the children of people who themselves had graduated from Yale. This was no accident: Yale\u2019s dean of admissions at the time, James Noyes, wrote in a confidential memo that \u201cthe [admissions] Board gives all possible preference to the sons of Yale men.\u201d<\/p>\n

Princeton made its preference for legacies even more explicit \u2013 and public. A 1958 alumni brochure stated: \u201cNo matter how many other boys apply, the Princeton son is judged on this one question: can he be expected to graduate? If so, he\u2019s admitted.\u201d<\/p>\n

2. Why are legacy admissions problematic?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Legacy admissions are\u00a0frequently debated<\/a>\u00a0because they represent a glaring contradiction in American higher education. On the one hand, prestigious universities say they are committed to admitting the \u201cbest and brightest<\/a>.\u201d On the other hand, these same universities uphold a preference for the children of alumni \u2014 a practice that\u00a0disproportionately benefits wealthy, white students<\/a>\u00a0and is patently not about merit. Admitting an inordinately high percentage of children of privilege raises this question: Do universities really want the best and brightest? Or do they want the richest and whitest?<\/p>\n

3. Couldn\u2019t legacy admis<\/strong>sions eventually help historically underrepresented groups?<\/h4>\n

Elite universities have grown more diverse in recent decades. Harvard College, for example, was\u00a0nearly 80% white in 1980<\/a>\u00a0but enrolled a\u00a0class that was less than half white in 2017<\/a>.<\/p>\n

So on a small scale, preserving legacy admissions could\u00a0benefit applicants of color who are children of alumni<\/a>. But at Princeton, where\u00a0more than half of admitted students were people of color<\/a>\u00a0in 2019, just\u00a027% of legacy admits were students of color<\/a>. The point is, even as universities like Princeton diversify, legacy admissions may continue to skew super white.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s also worth remembering that non-white graduates of Harvard and similar institutions \u2014 and therefore their children \u2014 represent a tiny fraction of people of color. Undergraduate classes at Harvard average around 1,600 students. So\u00a0even with admitted classes that are over 15% Black<\/a>, Harvard College graduates at most a few hundred Black students each year.<\/p>\n

Giving an additional boost to the children of alumni, even if they are people of color, does little to move the needle on racial equity. Instead, it serves to reproduce an elite \u2013 and even a racially diverse elite is still an elite, which can only exist so long as stark inequalities do.<\/p>\n

4. Are colleges responding to calls to end legacy admissions?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In recent years, a few high-profile universities \u2013 including\u00a0Johns Hopkins University<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0all public colleges and universities in Colorado<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 have ended legacy admissions. In October 2021, Amherst College\u00a0ended legacy admissions<\/a>\u00a0as well.<\/p>\n

These universities joined a\u00a0small list<\/a>\u00a0of selective schools without legacy preferences. The list includes the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology, which never considered legacy status, and\u00a0the University of California system<\/a>, which has not considered legacy status since the 1990s.<\/p>\n

But while the percentage of the top 250 U.S. universities that use legacy admissions is\u00a0down to 56%<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 from 63% in 2004 \u2013 many selective universities still consider legacy status.<\/p>\n

5. Is there any reason to keep legacy admissions?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Elite universities often say legacy admissions are necessary to keep alumni donations high. Harvard College\u2019s dean of admissions, William Fitzsimmons, has repeatedly defended Harvard\u2019s preferential treatment of the children of alumni and donors. In a deposition for an\u00a0affirmative action lawsuit<\/a>\u00a0filed against Harvard, he said that legacy preferences were\u00a0\u201cessential to Harvard\u2019s well-being<\/a>.\u201d At trial,\u00a0Fitzsimmons elaborated<\/a>, \u201cIt is important for the long-term strength of the institution to have the resources we need.\u201d<\/p>\n

Research, however, has found\u00a0no correlation between legacy preferences and university revenues<\/a>. Another study indicated\u00a0legacy admissions policies have little to no effect on alumni giving<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Some defenders of legacy admissions now offer a different justification: the contributions legacy students make to the campus community. Brown University\u2019s dean of admissions, Logan Powell, highlighted the fact that\u00a0legacy admissions are very involved in mentoring<\/a>\u00a0and internship experiences for current students. Rakesh Khurana, dean of Harvard College, has also highlighted the contributions that children of alumni make on campus. He asserted that it was valuable to have students who \u201chave more experience with Harvard\u201d\u00a0alongside \u201cothers who are less familiar<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

This use of diversity to defend legacy admissions is notable. Diversity is usually mentioned in defense of\u00a0affirmative action<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 a policy that supports the inclusion of historically underrepresented groups. But now, some universities seem poised to use \u201cdiversity\u201d in defense of legacy admissions, which furthers the status quo and keeps generation after generation of elites on campus.<\/p>\n

After a century of legacy admissions, there is abundant evidence that wealthy white alumni and their children are the most likely to benefit. There is also little evidence showing why such policies should continue. But legacy admissions are mostly an issue for a small number of selective universities, and a small portion \u2014\u00a0often between 10% to 15%<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 of their total admissions at that.<\/p>\n

Doing away with legacy admissions won\u2019t fix an admissions game\u00a0tilted toward the children of privilege<\/a>. But as universities profess their commitment to diversity, heeding\u00a0calls from alumni to abandon legacy preferences<\/a>\u00a0could be one small step toward making sure all applicants get a fairer shake.
\n
\nAuthor Bio:<\/strong> Nadirah Farah Foley is Postdoctoral Associate at New York University<\/em> is Postdoctoral Associate at New York University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Legacy admissions \u2013 a practice in which colleges give special consideration to children of alumni when deciding who to admit \u2013 have been\u00a0making headlines. Colleges are increasingly being called on to rethink the merits of the practice \u2013 and some colleges are beginning to heed those calls. Here, Nadirah Farah Foley, a postdoctoral associate at […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[422046],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-60005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-legacy-admissions"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhy do colleges use legacy admissions? 5 questions answered - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/why-do-colleges-use-legacy-admissions-5-questions-answered\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Why do colleges use legacy admissions? 5 questions answered - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Legacy admissions \u2013 a practice in which colleges give special consideration to children of alumni when deciding who to admit \u2013 have been\u00a0making headlines. Colleges are increasingly being called on to rethink the merits of the practice \u2013 and some colleges are beginning to heed those calls. 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