{"id":59160,"date":"2021-09-05T16:40:08","date_gmt":"2021-09-05T20:40:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=59160"},"modified":"2021-09-08T03:56:24","modified_gmt":"2021-09-08T07:56:24","slug":"court-gives-legal-weight-to-academics-right-to-intellectual-freedom-but-its-not-the-final-word","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/court-gives-legal-weight-to-academics-right-to-intellectual-freedom-but-its-not-the-final-word\/","title":{"rendered":"Court gives legal weight to academics\u2019 right to intellectual freedom, but it\u2019s not the final word"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/federalcourt-aus23.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-59262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/federalcourt-aus23.jpeg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/federalcourt-aus23-250x147.jpeg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><br \/>\nThe nature and enforceability of university codes of conduct have been in the news lately. Prominent sackings for alleged misconduct include the cases of Professors\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theaustralian.com.au\/commentary\/as-peter-ridd-case-shows-pursuit-of-truth-not-always-a-civil-affair\/news-story\/84966a687902b26a5c75c5610778b63b\">Peter Ridd<\/a>\u00a0from James Cook University and Tim Anderson from the University of Sydney.<\/p>\n<p>Anderson had a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/politics\/federal\/court-backs-academics-free-speech-in-swastika-dismissal-case-20210831-p58ngf.html\">legal win this week<\/a>\u00a0when the full court of the Federal Court decided Sydney\u2019s enterprise agreement contains an enforceable right of academics to \u201cintellectual freedom\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/tim-anderson-20201127-p56ilr.html\">Previous court rulings<\/a>\u00a0had suggested intellectual freedom is an aspirational goal with limited legal force. Ridd and Anderson have both argued they were sacked for exercising their right to intellectual freedom, albeit in ways to which many, including us, would object.<\/p>\n<p>The issue, broadly speaking, is what happens when the manner in which academics want to exercise their right of intellectual freedom under university enterprise agreements collides with what their university\u2019s code of conduct requires of them. Universities are clearly wondering about the worth of their codes of conduct if they cannot dismiss staff for discourteous, disrespectful or offensive behaviour.<\/p>\n<p>Universities and academics, and Ridd in particular, are awaiting the outcome of his\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hcourt.gov.au\/cases\/case_b12-2021\">appeal to the High Court<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><center><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Peter Ridd\u2019s High Court case <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/YLtl2FWpxT\">https:\/\/t.co\/YLtl2FWpxT<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Charles Harvey (@CJHarvey56) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/CJHarvey56\/status\/1408618939937038338?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 26, 2021<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/center><br \/>\nAs for Anderson, the National Tertiary Education Industry Union supported him in the case of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au\/judgments\/Judgments\/fca\/full\/2021\/2021fcafc0159\">NTEU and Anderson v University of Sydney [2021] FCAFC 159<\/a>. The full court found this week that his right to exercise intellectual freedom is relatively unfettered. But victory is only partially complete: a Federal Court judge will now have to decide whether Anderson\u00a0<em>was<\/em>\u00a0exercising his right to intellectual freedom.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Why was Anderson dismissed?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Anderson was dismissed in 2019 after the university repeatedly warned him about his social media activity. Among other things, he posted:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>PowerPoint slides with an infographic of an Israeli flag with a swastika superimposed over it<\/li>\n<li>a photo of one of his tutors wearing a shirt bearing the words in Arabic \u201cDeath to Israel\u201d, \u201cCurse the Jews\u201d and \u201cVictory to all Islam\u201d<\/li>\n<li>allegedly false references to the university\u2019s allegations against him when he had been directed to keep their communications confidential.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Anderson removed the \u201cUniversity of Sydney\u201d from the \u201cabout\u201d details of his Facebook and Twitter accounts after receiving a final warning. He did not remove the comments and posts. After he reposted and retweeted the Israeli flag with swastika infographic, the university at first suspended and then terminated his employment for \u201cserious misconduct\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Anderson argues he was exercising his right to intellectual freedom under the university\u2019s enterprise agreement and, as such, his activities could not constitute misconduct. He contends that, in warning him and terminating him, the university breached the agreement (it crossed two agreements, from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nteu.org.au\/library\/download\/id\/4679\">2013-17<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nteu.org.au\/library\/view\/id\/8705\">2018-21<\/a>) and contravened the Fair Work Act 2009.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>What is the effect of the judgment?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>What does the court finding mean? This right to intellectual freedom under their enterprise agreement allows Sydney\u2019s academics to express unpopular or controversial views, provided they do not engage in harassment, vilification or intimidation. They must also exercise their right \u201cin accordance with the highest ethical, professional and legal standards\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>The court found that\u00a0<em>if<\/em>\u00a0Sydney academics are exercising the right to intellectual freedom, it generally could not be misconduct or serious misconduct to do so. This was the case even if the manner in which they exercised their right breached the code of conduct.<\/p>\n<p>In this way, the court privileged the intellectual freedom clauses over other clauses in the agreement. These included \u201cmisconduct\u201d and \u201cserious misconduct\u201d being specifically defined as including breaches of the code of conduct.<\/p>\n<p>The ongoing problem for Sydney\u2019s academics is that the court decided the code of conduct did not identify the \u201cstandards\u201d relevant to deciding whether intellectual freedom was being exercised \u201cin accordance with the highest ethical, professional and legal standards\u201d, as stated in the enterprise agreement.<br \/>\n<center><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Federal?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Federal<\/a> Court has found there was a miscarriage in my 2019 unfair dismissal case against <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Sydney_Uni?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Sydney_Uni<\/a> . The case will be sent for a judge to decide whether my social media posts re <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Israel?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Israel<\/a> were lawful expressions of my right to intellectual freedom. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/8mW054WQmO\">https:\/\/t.co\/8mW054WQmO<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/miGei1M3RQ\">pic.twitter.com\/miGei1M3RQ<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; tim anderson (@timand2037) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/timand2037\/status\/1432547210130976772?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 31, 2021<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/center><\/p>\n<h4><strong>What happens next?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The court was considering the legal issues of the relationship between Sydney\u2019s enterprise agreement and its code of conduct. But whether Anderson\u2019s social media activity was a permissible exercise of intellectual freedom under the agreement and whether he was wrongfully dismissed remains to be decided by a Federal Court judge. If the judge finds in favour of Anderson, the University of Sydney may have to reinstate and compensate him.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, the Federal Court has left Sydney\u2019s academics with a relatively unqualified right to express their opinions however they choose. They are unconstrained by any behavioural standards, as long as they do not harass, vilify, intimidate or fail to uphold the \u201chighest ethical, professional and legal standards\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>This judgment underscores to Australian universities what they must do to ensure they can terminate staff for breaches of their codes of conduct. Their enterprise agreements must explicitly qualify the right of intellectual freedom by reference to upholding the code of conduct.<\/p>\n<p>Universities will also have to consider the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.austlii.edu.au\/au\/journals\/UWALawRw\/2020\/11.html\">effect of the French Model Code<\/a>\u00a0for the Protection of Free Speech and Academic Freedom on this course of action.<\/p>\n<p>For Australian academics generally, the judgment demonstrates that their right to intellectual freedom is strongly prescribed by what their particular enterprise agreement says.<\/p>\n<p>The lingering question for Sydney academics is: what are the \u201cthe highest ethical, professional and legal standards\u201d? This week\u2019s judgment suggested these standards do not require them to avoid causing any offence to others. Nor did they necessarily have to conduct themselves with \u201crespect\u201d, \u201cimpartiality\u201d or \u201ccourtesy\u201d. It also did not matter to the court whether the conduct might be able to be carried out in a different way so as to not cause offence.<\/p>\n<p>We, along with Anderson, now have to await a Federal Court judge\u2019s view as to whether his conduct departed from the required standards.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bios:<\/strong> Pnina Levine is a Lecturer in Law, Curtin Law School and Narrelle Morris is also a Senior Lecturer, Curtin Law School at Curtin University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The nature and enforceability of university codes of conduct have been in the news lately. Prominent sackings for alleged misconduct include the cases of Professors\u00a0Peter Ridd\u00a0from James Cook University and Tim Anderson from the University of Sydney. Anderson had a\u00a0legal win this week\u00a0when the full court of the Federal Court decided Sydney\u2019s enterprise agreement contains [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/court-gives-legal-weight-to-academics-right-to-intellectual-freedom-but-its-not-the-final-word\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[14372],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-59160","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-intellectual-freedom"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Court gives legal weight to academics\u2019 right to intellectual freedom, but it\u2019s not the final word - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/court-gives-legal-weight-to-academics-right-to-intellectual-freedom-but-its-not-the-final-word\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Court gives legal weight to academics\u2019 right to intellectual freedom, but it\u2019s not the final word - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The nature and enforceability of university codes of conduct have been in the news lately. Prominent sackings for alleged misconduct include the cases of Professors\u00a0Peter Ridd\u00a0from James Cook University and Tim Anderson from the University of Sydney. 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Prominent sackings for alleged misconduct include the cases of Professors\u00a0Peter Ridd\u00a0from James Cook University and Tim Anderson from the University of Sydney. 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