{"id":59111,"date":"2021-09-02T11:34:44","date_gmt":"2021-09-02T15:34:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=59111"},"modified":"2021-09-02T11:34:44","modified_gmt":"2021-09-02T15:34:44","slug":"state-efforts-to-ban-mask-mandates-in-schools-mirror-resistance-to-integration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/state-efforts-to-ban-mask-mandates-in-schools-mirror-resistance-to-integration\/","title":{"rendered":"State efforts to ban mask mandates in schools mirror resistance to integration"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nWhen the U.S. Supreme Court issued its 1954\u00a0Brown vs. Board of Education decision<\/a>\u00a0that struck down segregated public schooling, white Southern politicians responded to the decision with ferocity.<\/p>\n

Although preservation of states\u2019 rights was at the heart of their resistance claims, it was the racist practice of segregation that they sought to uphold.<\/p>\n

U.S. Senator\u00a0Harry Byrd<\/a>\u00a0of Virginia declared the ruling \u201cthe most serious blow that has yet been struck against the rights of the states<\/a>.\u201d Thomas P. Brady, Mississippi circuit judge and future state supreme court justice, called the day of the ruling \u201cBlack Monday<\/a>.\u201d Brady also claimed that racial integration was a communist plot to unify the country around one common culture.<\/p>\n

Over 100 Southern House and Senate members signed a\u00a0Southern Manifesto<\/a>, vowing to stop school integration in what Byrd called a \u201cmassive resistance.\u201d The governor of Virginia, Thomas Manley, appointed a commission to explore legal options in the wake of the Brown vs. Board of Education decision.\u00a0The Gray Commission<\/a>, as it was known, recommended that no child in Virginia \u201cbe required to attend a school wherein both white and colored children are taught.\u201d<\/p>\n

I don\u2019t bring up this Southern resistance to federal mandates that affect U.S. schools merely to recount history. As a researcher who\u00a0focuses on the role of federalism in U.S. education<\/a>, I believe this resistance helps shine light on why several Southern states today are\u00a0pushing back<\/a>\u00a0against federal guidance for teachers and students to wear masks in schools to lessen the risks of contracting the\u00a0more dangerous<\/a>\u00a0delta variant of COVID-19.<\/p>\n

Defiance in spite of risks<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In late July 2021, the\u00a0Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0President Joe Biden<\/a>\u00a0recommended students wear masks in schools to protect themselves and others from COVID-19.<\/p>\n

Subsequently, Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis issued an\u00a0executive order<\/a>\u00a0that banned schools in the state from requiring masks, claiming that the masks are unproven to be effective and might cause harm to children. The governors of\u00a0Texas<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Arizona<\/a>\u00a0took similar measures, leaving schools, concerned parents, teachers and vulnerable students few options and with little time before the school year began to decide how to respond. The Texas legislature is\u00a0considering legislation<\/a>\u00a0that would make public mask requirements illegal.<\/p>\n

A history of resistance<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Southern states ignoring federal educational guidance is not new.<\/p>\n

For instance, rather than integrate schools, Virginia\u00a0elected to close many school districts<\/a>\u00a0and instead offer white students vouchers to attend private schools. The state legislature enabled this in 1956, when it\u00a0passed laws that stripped local school boards<\/a>\u00a0of their power and put it in the hands of committees appointed by the governor.<\/p>\n

When Lindsey Almond took over as governor of Virginia in 1957, he warned that integrated schools would lead to the \u201clivid stench of sadism, sex, immorality, and juvenile pregnancy<\/a>\u201d that he claimed existed in nearby Washington\u2019s integrated school system.<\/p>\n

Other acts of resistance<\/h4>\n

In Mississippi, things were little different than in Virginia.\u00a0Gov. Hugh White<\/a>\u00a0thought that he might avoid integration by convincing Black residents to voluntarily agree to continue segregation. He promised more money for schools. He met with 90 Black leaders and asked for voluntary segregation. The plan failed when only one person at the meeting agreed to the proposal. As a result, the governor called a special session of the state legislature.<\/p>\n

The legislature\u00a0passed a bill that led to the closure of public schools in the state<\/a>. Public schools would be mostly private and segregated. It took 16 years for Mississippi schools to comply with the Brown decision and fully integrate.<\/p>\n

Other states\u00a0resisted integration in similar ways<\/a>, with various policies that privatized public schools,\u00a0leading to the modern civil rights movement<\/a>. The civil rights movement opened the door for a\u00a0larger federal government role<\/a>\u00a0in educational policy. The Justice Department has the authority to investigate and prosecute schools under the\u00a0Title IX provision<\/a>\u00a0of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that mandates civil rights protection for students.<<\/p>\n

Fight against federal government continues<\/h4>\n

Fast forward to 2021 and governors and lawmakers in states such as\u00a0Florida, Texas and Arizona are clamoring<\/a>\u00a0with a similar states\u2019 rights argument as their predecessors.<\/p>\n

Like Virginia and Mississippi in the 1950s, these states are attempting to undermine federal intervention in schools. The U.S. Constitution creates a federal system where the national government shares power with states. Any power not explicitly listed in the Constitution is left to the states,\u00a0per the 10th Amendment<\/a>. As a result, educational policy is largely left to the states, so long as civil rights are protected.<\/p>\n

Within states, power is shared with local governments in whatever way state constitutions and law decide. Florida Gov. DeSantis has\u00a0threatened retaliation against schools who defy his order<\/a>\u00a0by cutting superintendent salaries. Yet, a\u00a0state judge stopped<\/a>\u00a0his order. DeSantis\u00a0claims that he will win on appeal<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Texas and Arizona officials have\u00a0threatened consequences<\/a>, such as loss of funding and lawsuits, to school districts that mandate masks. Threatening localities with retaliation did not prevent the eventual integration of schools in the South. Considering that local school districts are following federal health guidance, threats from governors to browbeat localities into submission have stirred\u00a0community outrage<\/a>\u00a0from parents and lawsuits from concerned citizens.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, federalism makes power-sharing between the states and federal government complicated. The Constitution gives states the power to create their own educational and health policies, but the federal government can enforce civil rights laws in schools, making educational policy political whether people like it or not.<\/p>\n

This is why, on Aug. 30, 2021, the U.S. Department of Education announced\u00a0that it would investigate<\/a>\u00a0whether statewide mask bans deny civil rights to students with disabilities.<\/p>\n

Like school integration in the past, policies that require or encourage masks have become the new arena for the ongoing American argument about Southern states\u2019 rights.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Dustin Hornbeck is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow of Educational Leadership and Policy at the University of Texas Arlington<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When the U.S. Supreme Court issued its 1954\u00a0Brown vs. Board of Education decision\u00a0that struck down segregated public schooling, white Southern politicians responded to the decision with ferocity. Although preservation of states\u2019 rights was at the heart of their resistance claims, it was the racist practice of segregation that they sought to uphold. U.S. Senator\u00a0Harry Byrd\u00a0of […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[421964],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-59111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-social-change","tag-mask-bans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nState efforts to ban mask mandates in schools mirror resistance to integration - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/state-efforts-to-ban-mask-mandates-in-schools-mirror-resistance-to-integration\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"State efforts to ban mask mandates in schools mirror resistance to integration - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When the U.S. Supreme Court issued its 1954\u00a0Brown vs. Board of Education decision\u00a0that struck down segregated public schooling, white Southern politicians responded to the decision with ferocity. 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