{"id":59088,"date":"2021-09-01T16:44:30","date_gmt":"2021-09-01T20:44:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=59088"},"modified":"2021-09-01T16:44:30","modified_gmt":"2021-09-01T20:44:30","slug":"lessons-about-9-11-often-provoke-harassment-of-muslim-students","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-about-9-11-often-provoke-harassment-of-muslim-students\/","title":{"rendered":"Lessons about 9\/11 often provoke harassment of Muslim students"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nNear the start of each school year, many U.S. schools\u00a0wrestle with how to teach about 9\/11<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 the\u00a0deadliest foreign attack ever on American soil<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In interviews I conducted recently in the\u00a0Washington, D.C., metropolitan area<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 one of three places\u00a0where hijacked planes crashed<\/a>\u00a0on Sept. 11, 2001 \u2013 I found that Muslim students are often subjected to ridicule and blame for the 9\/11 attacks.<\/p>\n

\u201cEven if they\u2019re joking around, they\u2019ll say \u2018terrorist\u2019 and stuff like that,\u201d one student told me. \u201cThat used to trigger me a lot.\u201d<\/p>\n

Another student told me: \u201c9\/11, every single year, is so awkward. The administrators would be like \u2018On this fateful day, this happened\u2019\u2026 then the Muslim jokes would come up, like \u2018Don\u2019t blow us up.\u2019 When I was younger it bothered me, but now I\u2019m just desensitized to it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s so much tension, just being even this color and then being a Muslim, period,\u201d yet another student told me. \u201cIt\u2019s really strange, like, you feel it, they\u2019re not saying it \u2026 \u2019You don\u2019t understand this question because you\u2019re Muslim,\u2018 which is the strangest thing, but it\u2019s definitely the tension that these teachers give off sometimes.\u201d<\/p>\n

These students are among the 55 Muslim students, ages 12 to 21, whom I interviewed in the Greater Washington, D.C., area from 2019 through 2021 about their experiences in school during\u00a0classroom lessons<\/a>\u00a0about 9\/11. Their experience is part of a larger pattern of Muslim students being\u00a0targeted and bullied in U.S. schools<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Increase in harassment<\/strong><\/h4>\n

A 2020 poll found that\u00a051% of American Muslim families<\/a>\u00a0reported that their children experienced religious-based bullying \u2013 insults or physical assaults \u2013 in school. That\u2019s nearly twice the rate reported by parents among the general public, the same poll found. Perhaps more disturbingly,\u00a030%<\/a>\u00a0of those incidents reportedly involved a teacher or school official \u2013 the same people whom students ought to be able to turn to for support.<\/p>\n

Effects on learning<\/strong><\/h4>\n

When Muslim students experience these kinds of challenges at school, it is associated with\u00a0higher levels of psychological distress<\/a>. Students can\u00a0learn better<\/a>\u00a0when educators foster a sense of emotional safety and belonging.<\/p>\n

Observers might conclude that it\u2019s no big deal when students merely\u00a0subject their Muslim classmates to jokes<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 that the teasing is all in good humor and a normal part of high school.<\/p>\n

My research \u2013 which is ongoing and unpublished \u2013 suggests that this sort of cavalier attitude can be found among teachers and administrators. A few students in my study noticed their teachers would dismiss their concerns or make excuses for students who teased Muslim students about 9\/11 by suggesting the other student \u201cdidn\u2019t mean it\u201d or \u201cwas misunderstood.\u201d<\/p>\n

But calling Muslim students \u201cterrorists\u201d or telling them \u201cdon\u2019t blow us up\u201d repeats deeply ingrained\u00a0stereotypes that vilify<\/a>\u00a0Muslims as prone to extremist violence and should be considered\u00a0anti-Muslim racism<\/a>, I believe.<\/p>\n

Opposition from the top<\/h4>\n

Beyond having their concerns about harassment dismissed, Muslim students sometimes must deal with school administrators who block their efforts to form identity groups. For instance, a 2018 study found that at a high school where the principal suspended meetings for a Muslim Student Association, Muslim students felt as if their school was \u201ccharacterized by exclusion and racialized surveillance<\/a>.\u201d Muslim students also report that their commitment to\u00a0democratic values<\/a>\u00a0is often called into question.<\/p>\n

Despite the animosity that Muslim students face, scholars who specialize in Muslim student issues, such as\u00a0Suhad Tabahi<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Layla Khayr<\/a>, argue that schools can do more to\u00a0combat anti-Muslim racism<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Much of that work can be done in the classroom \u2013 and school-based 9\/11 observances and lessons represent a prime opportunity.<\/p>\n

As a teacher trainer who partly works in developing\u00a0culturally responsive 9\/11 teaching resources<\/a>, I offer three strategies educators can use to reenvision how they deal with the 9\/11 attacks and their aftermath.<\/p>\n

1. Teach culturally diverse stories<\/h4>\n

Although it\u2019s common for people to recall how \u201cIslamic extremists<\/a>\u201d carried out the 9\/11 attacks, it\u2019s also true that Muslim immigrants, such as Mohammed Salman Hamdani, lost their lives serving as\u00a0first responders<\/a>. Those stories can help counterbalance the negative sentiments that arise from Muslim-blaming narratives that sometimes accompany lessons about 9\/11.<\/p>\n

2. Examine the social and political effects of 9\/11<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Teach students how immigration policies became\u00a0linked to national security<\/a>. Introduce students to how 9\/11 gave rise to the\u00a0USA Patriot Act<\/a>, which authorized the broad use of federal surveillance to counter violent extremism, led to the formation of the\u00a0Department of Homeland Security<\/a>\u00a0and informed the so-called \u201cMuslim ban<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Discuss how 9\/11 led to\u00a0\u201cno-fly\u201d lists<\/a>\u00a0and disproportionately affected the\u00a0surveillance<\/a>\u00a0of Muslim Americans. Recount how the\u00a0wars<\/a>\u00a0in Afghanistan and\u00a0Iraq<\/a>\u00a0were linked to 9\/11.<\/p>\n

Show students how Muslims, and\u00a0people assumed to be Muslim<\/a>,\u00a0feared for their personal safety<\/a>\u00a0because of all the backlash that followed 9\/11.<\/p>\n

This can help students better understand contemporary events, such as why\u00a0Afghan refugees<\/a>\u00a0are coming to America, or why\u00a0airport security<\/a>\u00a0increases around Sept. 11 each year.<\/p>\n

3. Keep students safe<\/h4>\n

As the United States prepares for\u00a0potential terror threats<\/a>\u00a0on the anniversary of 9\/11, educators bear a responsibility to maintain a safe learning environment. Teachers should pay attention to the conversations between students to ensure that they are not repeating harmful words and actions that target Muslims.<\/p>\n

Respond to students who express fear for their personal safety. Educators should consult their state\u2019s\u00a0anti-bullying policies<\/a>\u00a0to get up to speed on how to handle harassment.<\/p>\n

But by offering a broader perspective of 9\/11 and its aftermath, educators can create a safer learning experience for students as they reflect on 9\/11 and how it forever changed Americans\u2019 lives.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Amaarah DeCuir is Professorial Lecturer of Education at the American University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Near the start of each school year, many U.S. schools\u00a0wrestle with how to teach about 9\/11\u00a0\u2013 the\u00a0deadliest foreign attack ever on American soil. In interviews I conducted recently in the\u00a0Washington, D.C., metropolitan area\u00a0\u2013 one of three places\u00a0where hijacked planes crashed\u00a0on Sept. 11, 2001 \u2013 I found that Muslim students are often subjected to ridicule and […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[421960],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-59088","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","tag-muslim-students"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLessons about 9\/11 often provoke harassment of Muslim students - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-about-9-11-often-provoke-harassment-of-muslim-students\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lessons about 9\/11 often provoke harassment of Muslim students - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Near the start of each school year, many U.S. schools\u00a0wrestle with how to teach about 9\/11\u00a0\u2013 the\u00a0deadliest foreign attack ever on American soil. 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