{"id":58896,"date":"2021-08-19T17:12:20","date_gmt":"2021-08-19T21:12:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=58896"},"modified":"2021-08-19T17:12:20","modified_gmt":"2021-08-19T21:12:20","slug":"who-has-the-power-to-say-kids-do-or-dont-have-to-wear-masks-in-school-the-governor-or-the-school-district-its-not-clear","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/who-has-the-power-to-say-kids-do-or-dont-have-to-wear-masks-in-school-the-governor-or-the-school-district-its-not-clear\/","title":{"rendered":"Who has the power to say kids do or don\u2019t have to wear masks in school \u2013 the governor or the school district? It\u2019s not clear"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/masksinschools.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"510\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-58897\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/masksinschools.jpeg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/masksinschools-250x188.jpeg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><br \/>\nLegal battles over masks in schools are being fought across the country, including in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/best-states\/arkansas\/articles\/2021-08-13\/most-arkansas-public-school-students-under-mask-mandate\">Arkansas<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/gavin-newsom-sued-over-school-mask-mandate-covid-spikes-california-1612411\">California<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tampabay.com\/news\/health\/2021\/08\/13\/tampa-bay-families-join-lawsuits-over-desantis-school-mask-order\/\">Florida<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kentucky.com\/news\/coronavirus\/article253414600.html\">Kentucky<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/legal\/government\/michigan-catholic-school-seeks-broad-exception-mask-mandate-2021-07-22\/\">Michigan<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/state-watch\/567684-oklahoma-faces-lawsuit-over-ban-on-mask-mandates-for-schools?rl=1\">Oklahoma<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reviewjournal.com\/local\/education\/parents-sue-sisolak-ccsd-over-mask-order-in-schools-2418790\/\">Nevada<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dallasnews.com\/news\/education\/2021\/08\/16\/flurry-of-conflicting-legal-battles-against-texas-mask-mandate-ban-complicates-schools-start\/\">Texas<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Rather than clarifying policy, these legal challenges have led to more confusion.<\/p>\n<p>As a new school year begins and COVID-19 hospitalizations rise across the country, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/community\/schools-childcare\/k-12-guidance.html\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en\/pages\/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections\/clinical-guidance\/covid-19-planning-considerations-return-to-in-person-education-in-schools\/\">American Academy of Pediatrics<\/a>\u00a0recommend that students wear masks in school to help slow the spread of the coronavirus.<\/p>\n<p>This guidance, and schools\u2019 responses to it, has resulted in an intense debate. Some parents argue that they should be able to decide when and where their children wear masks, whereas others argue collective health and safety concerns take priority over individual choices. These arguments fall\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/poll-finding\/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-parents-and-the-pandemic\/\">sharply along partisan lines<\/a>, with 88% of Democrats supporting mask mandates and 69% of Republicans against the requirements.<\/p>\n<p>State rules reflect this division. In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/world-nation\/story\/2021-08-15\/schools-battle-states-covid\">eight states<\/a>, as of Aug. 16, 2021, laws were enacted or governors issued orders banning public schools from requiring students to wear masks. On the opposite side of the debate,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-08-13\/school-mask-rule-clash-puts-heat-on-state-courts-to-steer-policy\">12 states and the District of Columbia<\/a>\u00a0are requiring students to wear masks indoors.<\/p>\n<p>Further complicating matters, some school districts have acted in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/alisondurkee\/2021\/08\/09\/more-schools-defying-state-governments-to-impose-mask-mandates---heres-what-could-happen-next\/?sh=4601bdb6449e\">outright defiance<\/a>\u00a0of their states\u2019 regulations. These conflicts pose one key question: Who has the power to control the health and safety measures schools take \u2013 state leaders or local officials?<br \/>\n<center><iframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/KT-qW5sNrwg\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<h2>Competing policies<\/h2>\n<p>Texas provides a good example of this conflict. Even after Texas Gov. Greg Abbott issued an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/gov.texas.gov\/news\/post\/governor-abbott-issues-executive-order-prohibiting-government-entities-from-mandating-masks\">executive order<\/a>\u00a0banning school mask mandates,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2021\/08\/09\/texas-mask-order-schools\/\">local officials<\/a>\u00a0in several school districts adopted policies that required students to wear masks.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2021\/08\/11\/texas-mask-mandates-covid-19\/\">Simultaneous legal battles<\/a>\u00a0across multiple state court districts ensued and resulted in inconsistent rulings on whether banning masks in schools is constitutional.<\/p>\n<p>On Aug. 15, the Texas Supreme Court\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tpr.org\/government-politics\/2021-08-15\/texas-supreme-court-sides-with-governor-abbott-on-his-mask-mandate-ban-for-now\">weighed in<\/a>, siding with the governor and saying that schools cannot require masks. Yet some schools still do, defying both the governor and the state\u2019s highest court.<\/p>\n<p>With all of the partisan rhetoric, lawsuits and conflict, many parents are\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/08\/15\/us\/covid-school-reopening-anxiety.html\">left bewildered<\/a>\u00a0about how to proceed with the school year.<\/p>\n<p>This is not the first time legal battles have erupted in the wake of a public health emergency. During the influenza pandemic of 1918, state and local governments enacted a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2020\/03\/how-fragmented-country-fights-pandemic\/608284\/\">variety of restrictions<\/a>\u00a0to combat the spread of the virus. As they must now, officials had to make hard decisions about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/3-lessons-from-how-schools-responded-to-the-1918-pandemic-worth-heeding-today-138403\">whether to close schools<\/a>\u00a0or prevent public gatherings.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.acslaw.org\/expertforum\/face-covering-requirements-and-the-constitution\/\">Mask mandates<\/a>\u00a0even existed\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/mask-resistance-during-a-pandemic-isnt-new-in-1918-many-americans-were-slackers-141687\">in some areas<\/a>. State and local judges routinely upheld these measures.<\/p>\n<p>Many of the same\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitutioncenter.org\/blog\/the-constitutional-issues-related-to-covid-19-mask-mandates\">constitutional questions<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/people-gave-up-on-flu-pandemic-measures-a-century-ago-when-they-tired-of-them-and-paid-a-price-156551\">debated over 100 years ago<\/a>\u00a0arise today about mask mandates and other pandemic-related regulations.<\/p>\n<h2>Civil liberties vs. public health<\/h2>\n<p>Long-standing\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/197\/11\/\">U.S. Supreme Court precedent<\/a>\u00a0recognizes that states have broad powers to regulate the health and safety of their citizens during a public health crisis.<\/p>\n<p>But no right is absolute. When evaluating a state\u2019s actions in a pandemic, courts weigh the government\u2019s interest in protecting the health and safety of its citizens against an individual\u2019s civil liberties.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-constitution-doesnt-have-a-problem-with-mask-mandates-142335\">Common challenges<\/a>\u00a0against COVID-19-related regulations argue that some requirements violate the First Amendment or an individual\u2019s right to liberty, including the right to make choices about one\u2019s own health.<\/p>\n<p>Over the past year, the challenges that have been most successful in the courts argued that certain COVID-19 rules violated the First Amendment right to freely exercise one\u2019s religion.<\/p>\n<p>For example, the U.S. Supreme Court recently\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/2021\/20A151\/\">blocked<\/a>\u00a0the state of California from enforcing COVID-19 restrictions on an at-home Bible study group and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/592\/20a87\/\">prevented<\/a>\u00a0New York state from enforcing occupancy limits on religious services.<\/p>\n<p>But with respect to mask mandates, legal precedent supporting similar challenges is not as strong.<\/p>\n<p>For example, in Maryland, a federal district court recently\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/casetext.com\/case\/antietam-battlefield-koa-v-hogan\">suggested in a decision<\/a>\u00a0that litigants were unlikely to succeed with claims that challenged mask mandates as unconstitutional violations of the First Amendment.<\/p>\n<p>Arguments that mask mandates violate an individual\u2019s constitutional right to liberty \u2013\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/liberty#:%7E:text=The%20term%20%E2%80%9Cliberty%E2%80%9D%20appears%20in,unreasonable%20restraint%20upon%20an%20individual.\">defined by a leading legal resource<\/a>\u00a0as \u201cfreedom from arbitrary and unreasonable restraint upon an individual\u201d \u2013 face an even greater uphill battle. Courts have interpreted the Constitution as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/360\/310\/\">giving elected officials leeway<\/a>\u00a0when it comes to social policy, particularly in areas \u201cfraught with medical and scientific uncertainties.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This does not bode well for challenges like one\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Health\/wireStory\/federal-lawsuit-filed-las-vegas-school-mask-mandate-79435468\">recently filed<\/a>\u00a0in Nevada, which claims mask mandates infringe upon the fundamental right of parents to make child-rearing decisions.<\/p>\n<h2>More mandates, please<\/h2>\n<p>On the other side of the debate, in some states litigants have gone to court to advocate for more stringent COVID-19 regulations.<\/p>\n<p>In Florida,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2021\/08\/06\/us\/florida-desantis-executive-order-school-masks-first-legal-challenge-constitutionality\/index.html\">two different lawsuits<\/a>\u00a0seek to overturn the governor\u2019s ban on school mask requirements. They claim that the Florida Constitution guarantees a safe school environment and grants local governments the authority to govern schools.<\/p>\n<p>Some of the more successful lawsuits have focused on the fact that, by law, most states can regulate mask wearing in only public schools. This means that state laws and orders that ban mask requirements do not extend to private schools. In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/azednews.com\/what-would-it-take-to-rescind-law-prohibiting-school-mask-mandates\/\">Arizona<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/health-arkansas-coronavirus-pandemic-d79a14a84f0c7ba3bd6d8b3cf4039404\">Arkansas<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oklahoman.com\/story\/news\/2021\/08\/12\/oklahoma-lawsuit-alleges-school-mask-mandate-ban-unconstitutional\/8114783002\/\">Oklahoma<\/a>, lawsuits claim that this creates unconstitutional distinctions between public and private students\u2019 rights to a safe educational environment \u2013 and therefore, they say, the state cannot ban mask mandates in schools at all.<\/p>\n<h2>Unanswered questions<\/h2>\n<p>All of this fighting within and among the states led the Biden administration to step into the fray. While the federal government\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/584\/16-476\/\">cannot constitutionally command<\/a>\u00a0the states to do something, it can create incentives for them with money.<\/p>\n<p>In response to the governors\u2019 orders in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flgov.com\/2021\/07\/30\/governor-desantis-issues-an-executive-order-ensuring-parents-freedom-to-choose\/\">Florida<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/gov.texas.gov\/news\/post\/governor-abbott-issues-executive-order-prohibiting-government-entities-from-mandating-masks\">Texas<\/a>\u00a0that prohibit mask mandates in schools, U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona reminded\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/oese.ed.gov\/files\/2021\/08\/Letter-from-Secretary-Cardona-FL-08-13-21.pdf\">both states\u2019<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/oese.ed.gov\/files\/2021\/08\/Letter-from-Secretary-Cardona-TX-08-13-21.pdf\">governors<\/a>\u00a0that federal CDC guidance recommends students wear masks. Cardona also suggested that the Biden administration would\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/08\/13\/health\/cardona-biden-abbott-desantis-mask-mandate.html\">closely monitor<\/a>\u00a0whether the states were meeting\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/oese.ed.gov\/offices\/american-rescue-plan\/american-rescue-plan-elementary-and-secondary-school-emergency-relief\/\">requirements<\/a>\u00a0for federal relief funding under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dallasnews.com\/news\/education\/2021\/08\/13\/us-education-secretary-texas-mask-mandate-ban-may-infringe-on-school-district-authority\/\">That law requires states to adhere to CDC guidance<\/a>, including implementing mitigation strategies such as contact tracing or mask requirements, in order to receive the federal money the act provides.<\/p>\n<p>President Joe Biden\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/nation-world\/mounting-lawsuits-federal-government-challenge-desantis-abbott-bans-on-mask-mandates\/\">followed up<\/a>\u00a0Cardona\u2019s letters to the governors with a phone call of support to one of the superintendents who adopted mask mandates in violation of his governor\u2019s executive order.<\/p>\n<p>If it all sounds confusing and as if the law is all over the place regarding school mask mandates, that\u2019s because it is. The nation\u2019s schools are subject to a complex web of local, state and federal laws that make it difficult to impose uniform standards.<\/p>\n<p>Add in an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2021\/08\/08\/politics\/republican-governors-mask-vaccines-mandates-schools\/index.html\">intense political battle<\/a>\u00a0over the appropriate policies to adopt in the wake of the delta variant and you have precisely the kind of situation that may well end up at the U.S. Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bio:<\/strong>Jennifer Selin is Kinder Institute Assistant Professor of Constitutional Democracy at the University of Missouri-Columbia<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Legal battles over masks in schools are being fought across the country, including in\u00a0Arkansas,\u00a0California,\u00a0Florida,\u00a0Kentucky,\u00a0Michigan,\u00a0Oklahoma,\u00a0Nevada\u00a0and\u00a0Texas. Rather than clarifying policy, these legal challenges have led to more confusion. As a new school year begins and COVID-19 hospitalizations rise across the country, the\u00a0Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u00a0and the\u00a0American Academy of Pediatrics\u00a0recommend that students wear masks in school [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/who-has-the-power-to-say-kids-do-or-dont-have-to-wear-masks-in-school-the-governor-or-the-school-district-its-not-clear\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":58897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[421940],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-58896","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","tag-masks-in-schools"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Who has the power to say kids do or don\u2019t have to wear masks in school \u2013 the governor or the school district? It\u2019s not clear - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/who-has-the-power-to-say-kids-do-or-dont-have-to-wear-masks-in-school-the-governor-or-the-school-district-its-not-clear\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Who has the power to say kids do or don\u2019t have to wear masks in school \u2013 the governor or the school district? 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As a new school year begins and COVID-19 hospitalizations rise across the country, the\u00a0Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u00a0and the\u00a0American Academy of Pediatrics\u00a0recommend that students wear masks in school [&hellip;]\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/who-has-the-power-to-say-kids-do-or-dont-have-to-wear-masks-in-school-the-governor-or-the-school-district-its-not-clear\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-08-19T21:12:20+00:00\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/masksinschools.jpeg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"680\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"510\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/who-has-the-power-to-say-kids-do-or-dont-have-to-wear-masks-in-school-the-governor-or-the-school-district-its-not-clear\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/who-has-the-power-to-say-kids-do-or-dont-have-to-wear-masks-in-school-the-governor-or-the-school-district-its-not-clear\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kevin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\"},\"headline\":\"Who has the power to say kids do or don\u2019t have to wear masks in school \u2013 the governor or the school district? 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