{"id":58091,"date":"2021-07-09T08:00:58","date_gmt":"2021-07-09T12:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=58091"},"modified":"2021-07-08T17:26:58","modified_gmt":"2021-07-08T21:26:58","slug":"americas-founders-believed-civic-education-and-historical-knowledge-would-prevent-tyranny-and-foster-democracy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/americas-founders-believed-civic-education-and-historical-knowledge-would-prevent-tyranny-and-foster-democracy\/","title":{"rendered":"America\u2019s founders believed civic education and historical knowledge would prevent tyranny \u2013 and foster democracy"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

The majority of Americans today are anxious; they believe their democracy is\u00a0under threat<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In fact, democracies deteriorate easily. As was feared since the times of\u00a0Greek philosopher Plato<\/a>, they may suddenly succumb to\u00a0mob rule<\/a>. The people will think they have an inalienable right to manifest their opinions \u2013 which means to state out loud whatever passes through their minds. They will act accordingly, often violently. They will make\u00a0questionable decisions<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Democracies may pave the way to tyrants. Self-serving leaders will appear. They will seek to rewrite national history by\u00a0purging it of complexity and inconvenient truths<\/a>. They will capitalize on the widespread frustration and profit from the chaotic situation.<\/p>\n

Should these leaders seize power, they will curtail the people\u2019s participation in politics. They will discriminate based on race, sex or religion. They will create\u00a0barriers to democratic participation by certain constituents<\/a>, including moral tests or\u00a0literacy tests<\/a>.<\/p>\n

So, one way democracies degenerate is because of cunning leaders. But democracies crumble also because of the people themselves. As an\u00a0intellectual historian<\/a>, I can assure you that the specter of an ignorant populace holding sway has kept many philosophers, writers and politicians awake.<\/p>\n

The American founders were at the forefront in the battle against popular ignorance. They even concocted a plan for a\u00a0national public university<\/a>.<\/p>\n

No democracy without education<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Baron Montesquieu<\/a>, a French philosopher who lived from 1689 to 1755, was a revolutionary figure. He had advocated the creation of governments for the people and with the people. But he had also averred that the uneducated would irremediably \u201cact through passion.\u201d Consequently, they \u201cought to be directed by those of higher rank, and restrained within bounds<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

The men known as America\u2019s Founding Fathers, likewise, were very sensitive to this issue. For them, not all voters were created equal. George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton trusted the people \u2013 \u201cthe people\u201d being, for them,\u00a0white property-owning males<\/a>, of course. But only if and when they had a sufficient level of literacy.<\/p>\n

Thomas Jefferson was the most democratic-minded of the group. His vision of the new American nation entailed \u201ca government by its citizens, in mass, acting directly and personally,\u00a0according to rules established by the majority<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

He once gauged himself against George Washington: \u201cThe only point on which he and I ever differed in opinion,\u201d Jefferson wrote, \u201cwas, that I had more confidence than he had in the\u00a0natural integrity and discretion of the people<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

The paradox was that, for Jefferson himself, the \u201cnatural integrity\u201d of the people needed to be cultivated: \u201cTheir minds must be improved to a certain degree<\/a>.\u201d So, while the people are potentially the \u201csafe depositories\u201d for a democratic nation, in reality they have to go through a training process.<\/p>\n

Jefferson was adamant, almost obsessive: the young country should \u201cilluminate, as far as practicable, the minds of the people at large<\/a>.\u201d More precisely, let\u2019s \u201cgive them knowledge of those facts which history exhibits.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cEducate and inform<\/a>\u00a0the whole mass of the people,\u201d he kept repeating. It was an axiom in his mind \u201cthat our liberty can never be safe but in the hands of the people themselves, and that too of the people\u00a0with a certain degree of instruction<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Education had direct implications for democracy: \u201cWherever the people are well-informed,\u201d\u00a0wrote Jefferson<\/a>, \u201cthey can be trusted with their own government.\u201d<\/p>\n

A national university<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In 1787,\u00a0Benjamin Rush<\/a>, the Philadelphia doctor and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, published an \u201cAddress to the People of the United States.\u201d<\/p>\n

One of his main topics was the establishment of a \u201cfederal university<\/a>\u201d in which \u201cevery thing connected with government, such as history \u2013 the law of nature and nations \u2013 the civil law \u2013 the municipal laws of our country \u2013 and the principles of commerce \u2013 would be taught by competent professors.\u201d Rush saw this plan as essential, should an experiment in democracy be attempted.<\/p>\n

George Washington stressed the same idea. At the end of his second term as president, in December 1796, Washington delivered his Eighth Annual Message to the Senate and the House of Representatives. He wished to awaken Congress to the \u201cdesirableness\u201d of \u201ca national university<\/a>\u00a0and also a military academy\u201d whose wings would span over as many citizens as possible.<\/p>\n

In his message, Washington embraced bold positions: \u201cThe more homogeneous our citizens can be made,\u201d he claimed, \u201cthe greater will be our prospect of permanent union.\u201d<\/p>\n

Democracy\u2019s \u2018safe depositories\u2019<\/strong><\/h4>\n

A national university homogenizing the American people would likely be ill-received today anyway. We live in an age of race, gender and sexual awareness. Ours is an era of\u00a0multiculturalism<\/a>, the sacrosanct acknowledgment and celebration of difference.<\/p>\n

But Washington\u2019s idea that the goal of public education was to make citizens somewhat more \u201chomogeneous\u201d is worth reconsidering.<\/p>\n

Were President Washington alive today, I believe he would provide his recipe for the people to remain the \u201csafe depositories\u201d of democracy. He would insist on giving them better training in history, as both Rush and Jefferson also advised. And he would especially press for teaching deeper, more encompassing political values.<\/p>\n

He would say that schools and universities must teach the people that in their political values they should go beyond separate identities and what makes them different.<\/p>\n

He would trust that, armed with such a common understanding, they would foster a \u201cpermanent union\u201d and thus save democracy.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Maurizio Valsania is <\/span>Professor of American History at the Universit\u00e0 di Torino<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The majority of Americans today are anxious; they believe their democracy is\u00a0under threat. In fact, democracies deteriorate easily. As was feared since the times of\u00a0Greek philosopher Plato, they may suddenly succumb to\u00a0mob rule. The people will think they have an inalienable right to manifest their opinions \u2013 which means to state out loud whatever passes […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":58092,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[401060],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-58091","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","tag-civic-education"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAmerica\u2019s founders believed civic education and historical knowledge would prevent tyranny \u2013 and foster democracy - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/americas-founders-believed-civic-education-and-historical-knowledge-would-prevent-tyranny-and-foster-democracy\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"America\u2019s founders believed civic education and historical knowledge would prevent tyranny \u2013 and foster democracy - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The majority of Americans today are anxious; they believe their democracy is\u00a0under threat. 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