{"id":58005,"date":"2021-07-02T08:00:46","date_gmt":"2021-07-02T12:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=58005"},"modified":"2021-07-01T17:19:35","modified_gmt":"2021-07-01T21:19:35","slug":"racism-lurks-behind-decisions-to-deny-black-high-school-students-from-being-recognized-as-the-top-in-their-class","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/racism-lurks-behind-decisions-to-deny-black-high-school-students-from-being-recognized-as-the-top-in-their-class\/","title":{"rendered":"Racism lurks behind decisions to deny Black high school students from being recognized as the top in their class"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Two Black students<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Ikeria Washington and Layla Temple \u2013 were named valedictorian and salutatorian at West Point High School in Mississippi in 2021. Shortly afterward,\u00a0two white parents <\/a>\u00a0questioned whether school officials had correctly calculated the top academic honors.<\/p>\n

Ultimately, the school superintendent named two white students as \u201cco-valedictorian\u201d and \u201cco-salutatorian\u201d on\u00a0the day of graduation<\/a>.<\/p>\n

High school seniors with the highest GPA in their graduating class are chosen to be valedictorians and are often responsible for delivering the graduating speech. Salutatorians, who are high school seniors with the second-highest GPA in their graduating class, often give the opening remarks.<\/p>\n

The superintendent\u00a0attributed the mix-up<\/a>\u00a0to a new school counselor who was given incorrect information on how to calculate class rankings.<\/p>\n

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As an\u00a0educational researcher<\/a>\u00a0who focuses on race and inequality, I am aware that the controversy at West Point High School is by no means isolated.<\/p>\n

A history of overlooking Black valedictorians<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Back in 1991<\/a>\u00a0a federal judge in Covington, Georgia, resolved a dispute a Black high school senior had with a white student over who gets to be valedictorian by making them share the honor.<\/p>\n

Then in 2012 in Gainesville, Georgia<\/a>, another Black valedictorian was also forced to share the honor with a white student. Later, the white student\u2019s family asked the\u00a0school to drop his candidacy<\/a>\u00a0from the academic honor.<\/p>\n

In 2011,\u00a0Kymberly Wimberly<\/a>, a Black student in Little Rock, Arkansas, had her valedictorian honor stripped away by her principal to be given to a white student with a lower GPA. Wimberly\u2019s lowest grade during all four years of high school was a B. In the rest of Wimberly\u2019s courses, honors and Advanced Placement courses, she received A\u2019s.<\/p>\n

In her\u00a0lawsuit<\/a>, Wimberly claimed that a day after being informed that she was the valedictorian for McGehee High School, the principal told her mother, Molly Bratton, that he \u201cdecided to name a white student as\u00a0co-valedictorian<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

I became familiar with these kinds of valedictorian disputes when I examined the 2017 lawsuit of\u00a0Jasmine Shepard<\/a>. A student at Cleveland High School in Mississippi, Shepard had the highest grade-point average in her class.<\/p>\n

However, the day before graduation, she was forced to be co-valedictorian with Heather Bouse, a white student with a lower GPA.<\/p>\n

How \u2018white fragility\u2019 plays out<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In\u00a0my peer-reviewed article analyzing<\/a>\u00a0Shepard\u2019s case, I examined it from the standpoint of\u00a0critical race theory<\/a>. Critical race theory is a\u00a0theoretical framework<\/a>\u00a0that\u00a0examines racism<\/a>\u00a0as a social construct ingrained in the American legal and political system.<\/p>\n

In my analysis, I conclude that the decisions to force Black students to share top honors with white students result from a psychological discomfort known as \u201cwhite fragility<\/a>.\u201d This is\u00a0a state of stress<\/a>\u00a0experienced by some white people when they are presented with information about people of color that challenges their sense of entitlement.<\/p>\n

I maintain<\/a>\u00a0that when students of color are named top students in their graduating class, as Shepard was in 2016, white society may begin to fear that students of color are\u00a0encroaching upon their social turf<\/a>, so to speak.<\/p>\n

A legal perspective<\/strong><\/h4>\n

I believe the disputes that arise when Black students are named valedictorian should be viewed in the context of white fragility.<\/p>\n

For example, consider what happened when a federal judge ordered the Cleveland, Mississippi, school district to desegregate in 2017 after having failed to do so in\u00a01969<\/a>\u00a0after the\u00a0Brown v. Board of Education case<\/a>.<\/p>\n

After the 2017 order, The New York Times reported that\u00a0many whites in Cleveland \u201cfeared\u201d<\/a>\u00a0that \u201cdismantling the system would prompt whites to do what they have done in so many other Delta cities: decamp en masse for private schools, or move away.\u201d This is known as \u201cwhite flight<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the instance<\/a>\u00a0of Jasmine Shepard, too, I contend that white fragility and the fear of white flight were at play.<\/p>\n

A key factor contributing to Heather Bouse\u2019s being named co-valedictorian with Shepard was that Bouse had received credit for an unapproved Advanced Placement course in online physics, according to court transcripts that I examined.<\/p>\n

The school policy requires that it publicize all of the courses available to students in the district. Unfortunately, the school administrators failed to inform students, parents and school counselors that the online physics course was available.<\/p>\n

According to Judge Debra M. Brown<\/a>, the superintendent and the district\u2019s assistant superintendent for curriculum assessment and instruction \u201cincorrectly believed\u201d that the school district was authorized to offer online courses for credit that would count toward students\u2019 graduation requirements. Bouse\u2019s online physics course was \u201cdesignated as advanced, which resulted in six rank points.\u201d<\/p>\n

Based on the credit awarded for this unapproved online physics course, Bouse\u2019s overall GPA was inflated, while Shepard\u2019s GPA was wrongly calculated. This was because her guidance counselor had re-enrolled her in a desktop publishing course in which she had already received an A.<\/p>\n

As a matter of policy it was \u201ccontrary to the School District\u2019s practices for student to receive credit for a course she had already completed and earned an \u2018A,\u2019<\/a>\u201d according to the complaint. This re-enrolling led to Shepard\u2019s overall GPA being lowered, which is discussed in her complaint.<\/p>\n

A different student filed a very similar lawsuit to Shepard\u2019s in 2018. In that\u00a0lawsuit<\/a>, Olecia James argued that Cleveland School District officials were \u201creducing the quality points she earned<\/a>\u00a0from courses she had taken.\u201d Quality points are another metric of a student\u2019s grades.<\/p>\n

Ultimately this prevented her from becoming Cleveland High School\u2019s first Black salutatorian.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0stakes<\/a>\u00a0associated with being valedictorian and salutatorian are already high. Competition for\u00a0college admission increases every year<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, as in the incident involving Ikeria Washington and Layla Temple at West Point High School reveals, when the honorees are African American, there have been instances in which people have questioned the validity of the outcome.<\/p>\n

My research suggests that whenever a Black student\u2019s status as valedictorian or salutatorian is questioned, it pays to ask questions. Is it being questioned for a legitimate reason? Or might racism or white fragility be at play?<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Jamel K. Donnor is <\/span>Associate Professor of Education at William & Mary<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Two Black students\u00a0\u2013 Ikeria Washington and Layla Temple \u2013 were named valedictorian and salutatorian at West Point High School in Mississippi in 2021. Shortly afterward,\u00a0two white parents \u00a0questioned whether school officials had correctly calculated the top academic honors. Ultimately, the school superintendent named two white students as \u201cco-valedictorian\u201d and \u201cco-salutatorian\u201d on\u00a0the day of graduation. High […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":58006,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[401044],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-58005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-black-valedictorians"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRacism lurks behind decisions to deny Black high school students from being recognized as the top in their class - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/racism-lurks-behind-decisions-to-deny-black-high-school-students-from-being-recognized-as-the-top-in-their-class\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Racism lurks behind decisions to deny Black high school students from being recognized as the top in their class - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Two Black students\u00a0\u2013 Ikeria Washington and Layla Temple \u2013 were named valedictorian and salutatorian at West Point High School in Mississippi in 2021. Shortly afterward,\u00a0two white parents \u00a0questioned whether school officials had correctly calculated the top academic honors. Ultimately, the school superintendent named two white students as \u201cco-valedictorian\u201d and \u201cco-salutatorian\u201d on\u00a0the day of graduation. 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