{"id":57816,"date":"2021-06-19T08:00:52","date_gmt":"2021-06-19T12:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=57816"},"modified":"2021-06-18T17:44:43","modified_gmt":"2021-06-18T21:44:43","slug":"academic-tenure-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/academic-tenure-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters\/","title":{"rendered":"Academic tenure: What it is and why it matters"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/em><\/p>\n

How would you like a job that was guaranteed and allowed you to do your work as you see fit and speak your mind with no repercussions? Most people would, and that\u2019s the idea behind academic tenure. In the following Q&A, George Justice, an English professor and author of \u201cHow to Be a Dean<\/a>,\u201d explains the origin of tenure and the waning protections that it affords professors who have it.<\/em><\/p>\n

What is academic tenure?<\/h4>\n

Of all the things a university professor can achieve in their career, few are as desirable as academic tenure. Academic tenure is a system of strong job protections that virtually guarantees a university professor will never be fired or let go except in the most extreme of circumstances. A key idea is to allow faculty to speak freely \u2013 whether on campus or in public \u2013 without fear of reprisal.<\/p>\n

Achieving tenure is not easy or quick. First, aspiring professors must secure a \u201ctenure track\u201d position after excelling in a Ph.D. program, followed in many cases by one or more postdoctoral fellowships. Then, in a probationary period that can last from 5 to 10 years, but which\u00a0typically takes 7 years<\/a>, faculty must demonstrate academic excellence in teaching, research and service to the community.<\/p>\n

The probationary period is then followed by a year-long process during which a professor\u2019s work is evaluated by peer faculty \u2013 both inside and outside of the university where they teach \u2013 as well as administrators at their institution.<\/p>\n

If they succeed in getting tenure, they can be promoted to the rank of \u201cassociate professor with tenure.\u201d But if they are denied tenure, usually it means they have one more year to build up their credentials and find employment at another college or university \u2013 or leave academia altogether to find work in a different industry.<\/p>\n

A little less than half of all full-time faculty at colleges and universities in the U.S. \u2013\u00a045.1%<\/a>, or\u00a0375,286<\/a>\u00a0according to 2019 data \u2013 have tenure.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

When did tenure first appear?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The tenure system was created in the early 20th century as a partnership between the faculty and the institutions that employ them. Faculty came to be represented nationally by the American Association of University Professors, which was founded in 1915 by two of the era\u2019s most famous intellectuals:\u00a0John Dewey<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Arthur O. Lovejoy<\/a>. The association wasn\u2019t a union, although now it does help faculty unionize.<\/p>\n

In 1940, the association teamed up with the Association of American Colleges \u2013 now the Association of American Colleges and Universities \u2013 to define tenure as a system providing \u201can indefinite appointment<\/a>\u00a0that can be terminated only for cause or under extraordinary circumstances such as financial exigency and program discontinuation.\u201d<\/p>\n

The real origins of the concept, though, lie in the practice of 19th-century German universities. Faculty in these universities created wide autonomy for their work on the basis of their\u00a0pursuit of knowledge for its own sake<\/a>. The greatest freedom and power went to those professors at the top of a rigid hierarchy.<\/p>\n

In its 1915 \u201cDeclaration of Principles<\/a>,\u201d the association viewed faculty tenure as a property right and academic freedom as \u201cessential to civilization.\u201d \u201cAcademic freedom\u201d includes rights both within and outside a professor\u2019s daily work: \u201cfreedom of inquiry and research; freedom of teaching within the university or college; and freedom of extra-mural utterance and action.\u201d The last of these means that faculty can speak up on matters of public concern outside of their specialized expertise without fear of losing their job.<\/p>\n

Whom does it benefit?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

As a job protection, tenure directly benefits college teachers. Indirectly, tenure benefits a society that thrives through the education and research that\u00a0colleges and universities create<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The job protections are significant. Except in extreme circumstances, faculty who have achieved tenure can expect to be paid for teaching and research for as long as they hold their jobs. There is no retirement age. And colleges only very rarely go out of business.<\/p>\n

Tenure\u2019s benefits have weakened in recent years. Financially battered by the past year of COVID-19, institutions have let tenured faculty go merely with\u00a0general assertions of financial stress<\/a>\u00a0rather than the deep crisis of \u201cfinancial exigency.\u201d<\/p>\n

And termination \u201cwith cause\u201d has evolved in recent years. For instance, federal law, including\u00a0Title IX of the Federal Education Act<\/a>, has pushed institutions to fire or force the resignation of faculty members who violate core principles of equal treatment, especially through sexual harassment of students.<\/p>\n

Why is tenure controversial?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

There are economic, political, ideological and social reasons why tenure has come under fire\u00a0over the past 50 years<\/a>.<\/p>\n

From an economic perspective, higher education is big business with a\u00a0big impact<\/a>\u00a0on the U.S. economy. State universities are among the biggest businesses. And some legislators believe universities should be treated simply like businesses. Professors would have no more job security than any other employees and could be fired without a rigorous process led by their faculty peers.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat happens in our private sector should be applied to our universities as well,\u201d\u00a0argued Iowa State Senator Bradley Zaun<\/a>, who introduced legislation that would eliminate tenure in his state\u2019s public universities. The\u00a0measure failed<\/a>.<\/p>\n

And in socially conservative parts of the country, legislators allege that professors have hypocritically violated students\u2019\u00a0freedom of speech<\/a>, including by interfering with their participation in conservative student political groups.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s not just from social conservatives. Colleges have suspended faculty members for\u00a0using racial slurs<\/a>\u00a0that offend students. And faculty have sued the University of Arkansas over a revised tenure policy that would\u00a0weaken protections<\/a>\u00a0when faculty challenge social norms.<\/p>\n

What is its future?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Tenure continues to exist in American higher education, and surveyed provosts \u2013 the chief academic officers on their campuses \u2013 maintain\u00a0support for retaining the tenure system on their campuses<\/a>.<\/p>\n

But those same academic leaders have hired\u00a0increasing numbers<\/a>\u00a0of less expensive faculty without tenure over the past few decades.<\/p>\n

In recent years, the percentage of tenured college teachers has\u00a0fallen to 45.1%<\/a>\u00a0from\u00a0nearly 65% in 1980<\/a>. Recent analysis suggests that if part-time faculty are included, a\u00a0mere quarter<\/a>\u00a0of college teachers have tenure.<\/p>\n

While research shows diverse faculty and peer viewpoints lead to a\u00a0richer education for students<\/a>, the tenured faculty are\u00a0whiter and more male<\/a>\u00a0than the whole body of college teachers, let alone the U.S. population. Indeed, the tenured faculty has become demographically inconsistent with\u00a0the students in their classrooms<\/a>: 75% of college professors are white, whereas\u00a051.1%<\/a>\u00a0of the population under 24 years old was non-Hispanic white in 2019.<\/p>\n

Is the practice of academic freedom \u201cessential to civilization\u201d? Does it require tenure for faculty? Or is tenure a destructive job perk that\u00a0limits innovation<\/a>\u00a0in an important service industry by entrenching faculty who may be mediocre and old-fashioned in their teaching and research? The one thing guaranteed in the future of tenure is that as long as it exists, it will continue to be controversial.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> George Justice is <\/span>Professor of English at Arizona State University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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