{"id":57772,"date":"2021-06-16T00:00:07","date_gmt":"2021-06-16T04:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=57772"},"modified":"2021-06-15T16:36:59","modified_gmt":"2021-06-15T20:36:59","slug":"the-debate-over-transgender-athletes-rights-is-testing-the-current-limits-of-science-and-the-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-debate-over-transgender-athletes-rights-is-testing-the-current-limits-of-science-and-the-law\/","title":{"rendered":"The debate over transgender athletes\u2019 rights is testing the current limits of science and the law"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57773\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Science_Laurel-Hubbard.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Science_Laurel-Hubbard.jpeg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Science_Laurel-Hubbard-250x167.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Science_Laurel-Hubbard-600x400.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.nz\/en\/pb\/petitions\/document\/PET_111568\/petition-of-save-womens-sport-australasia-request-sport\">petition<\/a>\u00a0presented to parliament last week calling for trans women to be excluded from women\u2019s sport is simply the latest round in a difficult and volatile global debate.<\/p>\n<p>Organised by Save Women\u2019s Sport Australasia, the petition challenges Sport New Zealand\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.stuff.co.nz\/sport\/women-in-sport\/300328389\/transgender-advocates-take-issue-with-exolympians-testosterone-claims\">draft guiding principles<\/a>\u00a0for the participation of transgender players in sport\u201d for failing to consult widely enough.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the draft principles\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.stuff.co.nz\/national\/politics\/300329574\/petition-targeting-trans-women-in-womens-sport-accepted-by-national-mps\">covering community-level sport<\/a>, not international competition, former Olympians and elite athletes supported the petition in an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.savewomenssport.com\/open-letter\">open letter<\/a>\u00a0to Minister for Sport and Recreation Grant Robertson.<\/p>\n<p>The controversy comes not long after New Zealand transgender weightlifter Laurel Hubbard\u2019s Pacific Games victory was\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2019-07-30\/transgender-athletes-in-the-pacific-under-fire\/11360854\">criticised<\/a>\u00a0due to her alleged physical advantage, and not long before the Olympic Games open in late July.<\/p>\n<p>Overall, this polarising issue is likely to keep\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rnz.co.nz\/news\/the-wireless\/375272\/why-transgender-athletes-can-t-get-a-sporting-chance?\">dividing people<\/a>. Consensus looks\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/08\/18\/sports\/transgender-athletes-womens-sports-idaho.html\">increasingly difficult<\/a>\u00a0to achieve. With both sides claiming discrimination, can existing laws and principles provide a way forward?<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Sports participation as a human right<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The wider relationship between\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-12-03\/international-olympic-committee-to-create-human-rights-unit\/12942890\">sports and human rights<\/a>\u00a0is complex and often contradictory. No explicit right to participate in sport exists in international law. However, a number of core human rights are relevant:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/universal-declaration-of-human-rights\">Universal Declaration on Human Rights<\/a>\u00a0says everyone has the rights to freedom of association, health, rest and leisure, and to participate in cultural life<\/li>\n<li>the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/professionalinterest\/pages\/ccpr.aspx\">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<\/a>\u00a0says everyone has the right to freedom of association; its sister treaty, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/professionalinterest\/pages\/cescr.aspx\">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<\/a>\u00a0recognises the rights to health and cultural life<\/li>\n<li>the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child identifies the rights to rest, leisure and participation in cultural life, which include\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/51ef9bcc4.html\">participation in sport<\/a>, as does the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/disabilities\/documents\/convention\/convention_accessible_pdf.pdf\">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<\/a><\/li>\n<li>UNESCO\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/portal.unesco.org\/en\/ev.php-URL_ID=13150&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html\">International Charter of Physical Education and Sport<\/a>\u00a0identifies sport as a fundamental right, as does the International Olympic Committee.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Recognising trangender athletes<\/h4>\n<p>As with all human rights, the right to participate in sport is underpinned by the right to be free from discrimination on grounds of sex, gender or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/4a60961f2.html\">other status<\/a>. That includes gender identity and the right of trans people to be free from discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>This broad principle informs much of the thinking on the issue. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/A\/HRC\/32\/33\">UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Health<\/a>, for example, has said the participation of girls and women in sport should not result in the arbitrary exclusion of transgender people.<\/p>\n<p>The rapporteur has also asked for a consensus by all international sporting bodies and national governments, in consultation with transgender organisations, with subsequent policies ideally reflecting international human rights norms.<\/p>\n<p>The UN\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/A\/74\/181\">Independent Expert<\/a>\u00a0on \u201cprotection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity\u201d has highlighted the negative impact of exclusionary practices in sport, and noted the value of inclusive programs.<\/p>\n<p>The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women calls for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/professionalinterest\/pages\/cedaw.aspx\">equality between men and women in sports<\/a>\u00a0and includes\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/4ed3528b2.html\">gender identity<\/a>\u00a0among the forms of potential discrimination.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>The devil is in the detail<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Beyond these areas of broad agreement, however, the issue quickly becomes more complex.<\/p>\n<p>In Aotearoa New Zealand, the Human Rights Act 1993\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.govt.nz\/act\/public\/1993\/0082\/latest\/DLM304475.html\">prohibits discrimination<\/a>\u00a0on the grounds of \u201csex\u201d and \u201csexual orientation\u201d. These prohibitions have been interpreted to encompass the legal right of trans people to be free from discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>However, the act\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.govt.nz\/act\/public\/1993\/0082\/latest\/DLM304627.html\">also says<\/a>\u00a0it is not discriminatory to exclude people of one sex from participating in any competitive sporting activity in which the strength, stamina or physique of competitors is relevant.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, this is where the arguments run into the limited help offered by science. There is still strong disagreement about whether transgender athletes have a competitive advantage or not.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>The limits of science and the law<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Research focusing on testosterone levels to justify the exclusion (or inclusion) of trans athletes has been criticised as an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.stuff.co.nz\/sport\/women-in-sport\/300328389\/transgender-advocates-take-issue-with-exolympians-testosterone-claims\">inappropriate oversimplification<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Whether testosterone even provides a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rnz.co.nz\/national\/programmes\/saturday\/audio\/2018694615\/caster-semenya-and-the-myth-of-testosterone\">competitive advantage<\/a>\u00a0is disputed, and commentators point to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sport\/blog\/2019\/apr\/01\/sports-transgender-debate-compromise-not-conflict\">other factors<\/a>\u00a0that may be at play.<\/p>\n<p>One\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0621-y\">study of the available literature<\/a>\u00a0concluded that a consensus could not be reached due a lack of data. That finding was itself challenged, but both sides agreed more research was required.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, we need to recognise the limits of science and the law when it comes to setting demonstrably balanced guidelines for trans athletes\u2019 participation in sport.<\/p>\n<p>Progress will only come through listening to both sides in the short term, but broad support for the required research is also needed in the longer term.<\/p>\n<p>Ultimately it is in everyone\u2019s interests that this hugely complex issue is resolved properly. Given it goes to the heart of human identity, the potential benefits are not confined to the sporting world.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bio<\/strong>: <span class=\"fn author-name\">Claire Breen is <\/span>Professor of Law at the University of Waikato<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The\u00a0petition\u00a0presented to parliament last week calling for trans women to be excluded from women\u2019s sport is simply the latest round in a difficult and volatile global debate. Organised by Save Women\u2019s Sport Australasia, the petition challenges Sport New Zealand\u2019s \u201cdraft guiding principles\u00a0for the participation of transgender players in sport\u201d for failing to consult widely enough. [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-debate-over-transgender-athletes-rights-is-testing-the-current-limits-of-science-and-the-law\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":57773,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33311],"tags":[401024],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-57772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sports","tag-trangender-athletes"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The debate over transgender athletes\u2019 rights is testing the current limits of science and the law - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-debate-over-transgender-athletes-rights-is-testing-the-current-limits-of-science-and-the-law\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The debate over transgender athletes\u2019 rights is testing the current limits of science and the law - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The\u00a0petition\u00a0presented to parliament last week calling for trans women to be excluded from women\u2019s sport is simply the latest round in a difficult and volatile global debate. 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Organised by Save Women\u2019s Sport Australasia, the petition challenges Sport New Zealand\u2019s \u201cdraft guiding principles\u00a0for the participation of transgender players in sport\u201d for failing to consult widely enough. 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