{"id":57727,"date":"2021-06-14T00:00:17","date_gmt":"2021-06-14T04:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=57727"},"modified":"2021-06-14T17:18:00","modified_gmt":"2021-06-14T21:18:00","slug":"the-bachelor-is-it-a-napoleonic-inheritance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-bachelor-is-it-a-napoleonic-inheritance\/","title":{"rendered":"The Bachelor is it a Napoleonic inheritance?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Theology, law, medicine, mathematical and physical sciences, letters: in these five fields which structured the university at the beginning of the XIX\u00a0E<\/sup>\u00a0century, the degrees \u201cconferred by the Faculties following examinations and public acts [\u2026] there will be three: the baccalaureate, the license and the doctorate \u201d, indicates the\u00a0decree of March 17, 1808<\/a>\u00a0signed by Napoleon.<\/p>\n

This text lays the foundations of the\u00a0modern\u00a0baccalaureate<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0However, this examination is not an ex nihilo creation and its title already existed under the Ancien R\u00e9gime.\u00a0To what extent does the date of 1808 mark a turning point in the history of education?\u00a0What traces did the Napoleonic period leave on secondary education as we know it?<\/p>\n

The new 1808 ferry<\/strong><\/h4>\n

From the Middle Ages until the French Revolution, the university organization was based fundamentally on four types of faculties: the “Faculties of the Arts” whose cycle of studies formed a whole in itself and a prerequisite for entry into the faculties. specialized in “Theology”, “Law” or “Medicine”.\u00a0The previous bachelor to that established by Napoleon I\u00a0er<\/sup>\u00a0was one of the grades awarded by the Arts Faculties.<\/p>\n

The decree of March 17, 1808 borrows the division into faculties from the old organization of universities.\u00a0It will be in fact a difference in nature between faculties “professional” (law, medicine, and also theology) and the other two faculties (Arts and Humanities) who had little other official function in the XIX\u00a0th<\/sup>\u00a0century that to issue ranks.\u00a0These two faculties come from the partition of the former Faculty of Arts operated by the decree of 1808.<\/p>\n

This revised baccalaureate was indeed, in substance and in form, an effective entrance examination to the University.\u00a0Article 22 of the decree of March 17, 1808 stipulates that “to be admitted to the baccalaureate examination, it will be necessary to be at least sixteen years old and to answer on all that one teaches in the upper classes of the high schools”.<\/p>\n

Originally, the baccalaureate examination jury was therefore composed almost exclusively of academics.\u00a0This logically follows from the fact that the baccalaureate is the first university degree and a passport for entry into the University.\u00a0Early in the baccalaureate, a circular of April 5, 1810 prescribed that university exams were due to start on 1\u00a0st<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0August.<\/p>\n

Doctoral candidates were the first to undergo the tests.\u00a0Then came the candidates for the degree of the license.\u00a0Candidates for the baccalaureate were examined last.\u00a0University professors could not go on vacation until all exams were completed.<\/p>\n

The creation of high schools<\/strong><\/h4>\n

This overhaul of the bachelor by Napoleon\u00a0st<\/sup>\u00a0in 1808 is not unconnected with the foundation of the “High School” in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul (the first of three consuls who ran the government).\u00a0It is also a triumvirate which is placed at the head of the newly created high school: a principal, a censor, a managing prosecutor (this last name being replaced by that of bursar in 1809).<\/p>\n

The high school curriculum is completely focused on the baccalaureate as marked by the \u201ccountdown\u201d of the class titles: from sixth to first (also called \u201crhetoric class\u201d) then final, without any intermediate exam.<\/p>\n

According to the decree of March 17, 1808, high school teachers for the “upper classes” had to be doctors;\u00a0professors of the last two years, dismissed;\u00a0teachers of the first four years of high school with a high school diploma.<\/p>\n

Napoleon personally spoke out in favor of classical studies predominating, as Louis Madelin explained in\u00a0The Nation under the Emperor and<\/em><\/a>\u00a0his History of the Consultate and the Empire:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe teaching must above all be judicious and classic [\u2026].\u00a0Above all, let’s put the youth on a diet of healthy and strong readings.\u00a0Corneille, Bossuet, these are the masters they need.\u00a0It is great, sublime, and at the same time regular, peaceful, subordinate [\u2026].\u00a0We need councilors of state, prefects, officers, professors [\u2026].\u00a0These were the ideas of the master.\u00a0“<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Three general inspectors supervise all high schools.\u00a0A large part of their students are to be chosen at the discretion of the government “from among the sons of soldiers and civil servants who have served well.”\u00a0It is above all a question of training administrative and military executives.<\/p>\n

What place for girls?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

We suspect that this high school \/ baccalaureate device does not concern girls at all.\u00a0Some, rare and isolated, will however pass the baccalaureate, not without difficulty.\u00a0The first baccalaureate was a teacher from the Vosges region – Julie Daubi\u00e9 – who obtained the baccalaureate at the age of 37, in 1861, after several unsuccessful attempts to present herself.\u00a0A second baccalaureate was issued to a woman in 1863 by the Sorbonne:<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was still, in 1887, an extraordinary phenomenon for a young girl to sit for this examination.\u00a0In the written tests, out of a hundred candidates, we noticed two dresses.\u00a0Even the second was a cassock.\u00a0So that the candidate was not mingled with the crowd, a special place had been reserved for her at the edge of the examiners’ own table \u201d(quoted by Mich\u00e8le Tournier, 3 \u00b0 Cycle thesis, 1972,\u00a0Access for women to studies universities in France and Germany\u00a0).<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

And yet the\u00a0Camille S\u00e9e law<\/a>\u00a0of December 21, 1880 had created secondary education for young girls, with the resolute support of Jules Ferry.\u00a0But the high schools for young girls did not lead to the baccalaureate: a “high school diploma” was the only outcome of a course that was not marked by a countdown of the title of the classes.\u00a0And you could take an intermediate exam in the “third year” of this course.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

But, from the beginning of the XX\u00a0E<\/sup>\u00a0century (sign of the times and in particular of the pressure of the requests of certain pupils), the \u201ccompetition\u201d gets involved and goes in the direction of the change.\u00a0The S\u00e9vign\u00e9 college, a famous private secular establishment, instituted in 1905 a preparation for the baccalaureate, accompanied by an accelerated learning of Latin in two years.\u00a0Other establishments follow.<\/p>\n

Finally, the administration of public education must admit in 1908 that public establishments can\u00a0prepare young girls for the baccalaureate<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

The cape of the 1920s<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In 1912, 430 candidates (out of 693) were admitted to the first part of the baccalaureate;\u00a0289 (out of 410) in the second part.\u00a0In February 1913, the Superior Council of Public Instruction officially authorized Latin lessons from the third year of the female secondary education course.<\/p>\n

However, we passed another course a few years after the First World War, when the decree of March 25, 1924 signed by Minister L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard admittedly claimed to maintain female secondary education with its specificity instituted in the 1880s, but very officially provided for a preparation at the \u201cbaccalaureate\u201d presented as an optional section (and aligned entirely with male secondary education).<\/p>\n

The classes in this optional section receive the same names as those in the male secondary;\u00a0its programs and timetables became identical by the decree of July 10, 1925. On the other hand, in fact, the preparation section for the “secondary school diploma” was very quickly marginalized.\u00a0It is even almost aligned with the other by the decree of March 15, 1928.<\/p>\n

What is left of it in our XXI\u00a0th<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0century?\u00a0Not much.\u00a0The names of high schools and their classes still exist, and their leadership quasi-triumvirate too (roughly).\u00a0But high schools have become mixed.\u00a0They lost their first cycle to colleges.\u00a0The baccalaureate in classical letters is practically marginalized in secondary education which has become more widespread.\u00a0And academics have long been chairing baccalaureate juries.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Claude Lelievre is a <\/span>Teacher-researcher in the history of education, honorary professor at Paris-Descartes, University of Paris<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Theology, law, medicine, mathematical and physical sciences, letters: in these five fields which structured the university at the beginning of the XIX\u00a0E\u00a0century, the degrees \u201cconferred by the Faculties following examinations and public acts [\u2026] there will be three: the baccalaureate, the license and the doctorate \u201d, indicates the\u00a0decree of March 17, 1808\u00a0signed by Napoleon. This […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":57728,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[295330],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-57727","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-baccalaureate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Bachelor is it a Napoleonic inheritance? - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/the-bachelor-is-it-a-napoleonic-inheritance\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Bachelor is it a Napoleonic inheritance? - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Theology, law, medicine, mathematical and physical sciences, letters: in these five fields which structured the university at the beginning of the XIX\u00a0E\u00a0century, the degrees \u201cconferred by the Faculties following examinations and public acts [\u2026] there will be three: the baccalaureate, the license and the doctorate \u201d, indicates the\u00a0decree of March 17, 1808\u00a0signed by Napoleon. 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