{"id":57656,"date":"2021-06-10T00:00:50","date_gmt":"2021-06-10T04:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=57656"},"modified":"2021-06-09T16:34:50","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:34:50","slug":"why-its-difficult-for-children-to-understand-sarcasm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/why-its-difficult-for-children-to-understand-sarcasm\/","title":{"rendered":"Why it\u2019s difficult for children to understand sarcasm"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Sarcasm is simple!\u00a0Yeah, right<\/em>. Although sarcasm is widespread, found across languages and in the various ways we communicate, it is not simple. For most children, learning to understand sarcasm is challenging.<\/p>\n

Sarcasm can be defined as \u201cthe use of remarks that clearly mean the opposite of what they say, made in order to hurt someone\u2019s feelings or to criticize something in a humorous way<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Difficulties with understanding sarcasm can have negative consequences such as\u00a0misunderstandings and social exclusion<\/a>. Psychology researchers study why sarcasm is difficult for children so we can learn more about child development \u2014 and so we can help children understand this kind of language.<\/p>\n

Our research has found that differences in\u00a0children\u2019s experiences of sarcasm cause differences in how they can detect it<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Is the speaker lying?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

As noted, when a speaker uses sarcasm, they say something different from, and often opposite to, what they really mean. Commonly, they say something that sounds positive but is meant to be negative, as in \u201cnice going,\u201d or \u201coh, great.\u201d In saying the opposite of what they mean, the sarcastic speaker risks being misunderstood \u2014 but they do it for potential payoffs.<\/p>\n

Sarcasm can be used to criticize while using humour,\u00a0in order for the negative comment to appear less harsh<\/a>. Speakers may use it to comment on the fact that\u00a0things haven\u2019t gone as expected<\/a>\u00a0or to strengthen\u00a0social bonds<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Children may\u00a0hear sarcasm from a young age<\/a>, but they will probably not begin to understand it until\u00a0five or six years of age<\/a>. Before that age, children tend to interpret sarcasm literally: for instance, if a child hears \u201cnice going\u201d spoken in what adults may recognize as a sarcastic tone, the child might respond with a positive \u201cthanks!\u2018<\/p>\n

When children do begin to understand that the speaker doesn\u2019t actually mean what they said, they may think the\u00a0speaker is lying<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 perhaps saying “nice going\u201d to make someone feel better \u2014 rather than criticizing sarcastically.<\/p>\n

It usually takes until children are older \u2013 around seven to 10 years of age \u2014 for them to appreciate that\u00a0speakers can use sarcasm with the intention of teasing or being funny<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Meaning what one says<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Children get better at understanding sarcasm through the early school years and into adolescence. This progress is related to developmental changes in children\u2019s\u00a0language<\/a>, thinking and skills related to processing, understanding and communicating about emotion.<\/p>\n

For instance, when children understand that the sarcastic speaker doesn\u2019t actually mean what they said simply on face value, this is related to their ability to\u00a0think about the perspective of another person<\/a>, and to their\u00a0ability to empathize<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Children tend to improve in their ability to recognize the thoughts and emotions of others between about four and six years of age, and this is likely why they also begin to show improvement in detecting sarcasm.<\/p>\n

One of the challenges in understanding sarcasm is that it involves conflicting ideas and goals: there is usually both a positive and a negative meaning to consider, and with sarcasm, the speaker means to be both critical and funny. The gap between what is said and what is meant creates the opportunity for sarcastic humour.<\/p>\n

Most children develop the ability to\u00a0hold two conflicting ideas or emotions in mind around seven years of age<\/a>. This is probably why studies find that although children can start to detect sarcasm at age five or six, they\u00a0take longer to develop appreciation for why people use sarcasm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Knowledge about why people use sarcasm<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Research shows that even when children have strong language and thinking skills,\u00a0they still might not be able to detect sarcastic speech<\/a>. These developmental skills are important to understanding sarcasm but they may not be sufficient. Something else is required.<\/p>\n

One possibility is that through experience children need to build knowledge about what sarcasm is and why people use it, in order to recognize it themselves. There is correlational evidence that social experience might indeed be important to children\u2019s capacities to detect sarcasm:\u00a0some families are more sarcastic<\/a>\u00a0than others, and\u00a0children\u2019s sarcasm detection may be related to their parents\u2019 use of sarcasm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Until now, however, there hasn\u2019t been direct evidence that differences in children\u2019s experiences cause differences in their detection of sarcasm.<\/p>\n

\"\"

The storybook \u2018Sydney Gets Sarcastic,\u2019 by Penny Pexman and illustrated by Lauryn Bitterman, can spark conversations with children about sarcasm. (Penny Pexman), Author provided<\/p><\/div>\n

Saying what you don\u2019t mean<\/strong><\/h4>\n

With colleagues Kate Lee and David Sidhu, I tested causal effects of children\u2019s sarcasm knowledge and experience on their detection of sarcastic speech in a\u00a0new study<\/a>\u00a0published in the\u00a0Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology<\/em>\u00a0that is part of a special issue on the psychology of saying what you don\u2019t mean.<\/p>\n

Together, we randomly assigned 111 five- to six-year-old children to two groups. One group received training about sarcasm and the other, a control group, did not.<\/p>\n

We provided sarcasm training to children with a short storybook that we read and discussed with each child. The training described what sarcasm is and why people use it, and gave examples of sarcastic and non-sarcastic speech. With the control group we simply read a non-sarcastic storybook.<\/p>\n

We found that some of the children were able to detect sarcasm even before training, but the majority were not. For those children who weren\u2019t able to detect sarcasm before the training, their ability to detect sarcasm improved in the training group but not in the control group.<\/p>\n

This shows that social experience can build children\u2019s knowledge of sarcasm and help them shift towards understanding sarcastic speech. Student illustrator Lauryn Bitterman and I converted the training storybook into a colouring book:\u00a0Sydney Gets Sarcastic<\/em><\/a>\u00a0is free to download, as a way to spark conversations with children about sarcasm.<\/p>\n

Sarcasm still isn\u2019t simple, but we now have a clearer understanding of what makes it difficult.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Penny Pexman is <\/span>Professor of Psychology at the University of Calgary<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sarcasm is simple!\u00a0Yeah, right. Although sarcasm is widespread, found across languages and in the various ways we communicate, it is not simple. For most children, learning to understand sarcasm is challenging. Sarcasm can be defined as \u201cthe use of remarks that clearly mean the opposite of what they say, made in order to hurt someone\u2019s […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":57658,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[401011],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-57656","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lifestyle","tag-sarcasm"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhy it\u2019s difficult for children to understand sarcasm - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/why-its-difficult-for-children-to-understand-sarcasm\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Why it\u2019s difficult for children to understand sarcasm - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sarcasm is simple!\u00a0Yeah, right. Although sarcasm is widespread, found across languages and in the various ways we communicate, it is not simple. For most children, learning to understand sarcasm is challenging. Sarcasm can be defined as \u201cthe use of remarks that clearly mean the opposite of what they say, made in order to hurt someone\u2019s […]\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/why-its-difficult-for-children-to-understand-sarcasm\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-06-10T04:00:50+00:00\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/sarcasm.jpeg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"680\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"383\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/why-its-difficult-for-children-to-understand-sarcasm\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/why-its-difficult-for-children-to-understand-sarcasm\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kevin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\"},\"headline\":\"Why it\u2019s difficult for children to understand sarcasm\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-06-10T04:00:50+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/why-its-difficult-for-children-to-understand-sarcasm\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1013,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/why-its-difficult-for-children-to-understand-sarcasm\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/sarcasm.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"sarcasm\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Lifestyle\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/why-its-difficult-for-children-to-understand-sarcasm\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/why-its-difficult-for-children-to-understand-sarcasm\\\/\",\"name\":\"Why it\u2019s difficult for children to understand sarcasm - 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