{"id":56978,"date":"2021-04-22T08:00:41","date_gmt":"2021-04-22T15:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=56978"},"modified":"2021-04-21T13:14:30","modified_gmt":"2021-04-21T20:14:30","slug":"afro-hair-how-pupils-are-tackling-discriminatory-uniform-policies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/afro-hair-how-pupils-are-tackling-discriminatory-uniform-policies\/","title":{"rendered":"Afro hair: How pupils are tackling discriminatory uniform policies"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

There has been much\u00a0criticism<\/a>\u00a0of the report recently published by the UK government\u2019s Commission on Ethnic and Racial Disparities, chaired by Tony Sewell. Pundits have deplored its denial of institutional racism in Britain. A recent act of student resistance highlights how flawed the report is, and how racism affects schooling.<\/p>\n

In March<\/a>, hundreds of pupils at the Pimlico Academy, a secondary school in west London, demonstrated against changes to the curriculum, the flying of the union jack outside the school and, crucially, discriminatory uniform policies.\u00a0The protests began<\/a>\u00a0months earlier, in September 2020, when the school introduced new rules, banning colourful hijabs and hairstyles that \u201cblock the view of others\u201d.<\/p>\n

By not mentioning race, these regulations attempt to hide behind a thin veneer of neutrality. As the students have made clear, however, this does little to obscure how these uniform rules discriminate against Muslim students and Black students.<\/p>\n

Recent cases<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Discrimination against afro-textured hair is not limited to Pimlico Academy. Several high-profile cases in recent years have made the issue increasingly difficult to ignore.<\/p>\n

In 2017, after starting at secondary school,\u00a0Chikayzea Flanders<\/a>\u00a0was placed in isolation because his dreadlocks – symbolic of his Rastafarian culture and religion – were deemed to be in breach of the school\u2019s uniform policy. He was threatened with exclusion unless he cut his hair. Around that same time,\u00a0Ruby Williams<\/a>\u00a0was repeatedly being sent home because her afro hair too was deemed unacceptable.<\/p>\n

These are just the cases that make the headlines. But, as the 2019\u00a0Hair Equality Report<\/a>\u00a0suggests, many more cases simply do not. This study, done in response to the UK government\u2019s education inspection framework, saw the World Afro Day collective along with researchers from De Montfort University conduct a survey of 1,000 respondents. They found that one in four adults had had a \u201cbad or very bad experience at school with their Afro-textured hair and identity\u201d. One in six adults reported having had a bad or very bad experience. And of these children with bad experiences, 46% faced school policies penalising afro hair.<\/p>\n

Symbolic meaning<\/strong><\/h4>\n

To understand the racial significance of these school uniform policies, it is necessary to recognise the symbolic nature of hair. Hair is not neutral. It is saturated with racial and cultural meaning. Which is to say\u00a0hair is both a means through which culture is expressed and understood, and a way in which people are racialised<\/a>. As the British art historian Kobena Mercer puts it in\u00a0Black hair\/style politics<\/a>, hair is \u201cthe most visible stigma of blackness, second only to skin\u201d.<\/p>\n

In a context where explicit racial discrimination is illegal, as well as a transgression of our so-called post-racial sensibilities, school uniform policies are usually presented as race-neutral. They\u2019re not about race or ethnicity, we\u2019re told, but about appearing \u201csmart\u201d, \u201cprofessional\u201d, \u201cdisciplined\u201d and \u201cpresentable\u201d.<\/p>\n

British criminologist\u00a0Laura Connelly and I have argued<\/a>, however, that, as with beauty standards (as shown by\u00a0the work of the sociologist Shirley Anne Tate<\/a>), these assumptions are underpinned by white supremacist logic that pathologises Black aesthetics. That is, by perceptions that hairstyles typically worn by Black people are not smart but unruly.<\/p>\n

Such policies give rise to anti-black forms of social control \u2013 through discipline, including isolation and exclusion – that further entrench white supremacy.\u00a0Black students are already subject<\/a>\u00a0to racially disproportionate disciplinary procedures in schools. This is most obvious in the\u00a0disparities<\/a>\u00a0in school exclusions, with\u00a0recent evidence<\/a>\u00a0finding that Black Caribbean students are excluded from schools at up to six times the rate of their white peers in some local authorities.<\/p>\n

Youth-led resistance<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Buoyed by last summer\u2019s Black Lives Matter protests, and having succeeded in forcing their school to amend its uniform policy, the Pimlico student protesters are part of a growing tide of youth-led anti-racist resistance.<\/p>\n

In the Chikayzea Flanders case mentioned earlier, legal action initiated by his mother, and backed by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), eventually led the school to accept that its \u201cban on dreadlocks resulted in indirect discrimination<\/a>\u201d. And although the board did not accept liability, Ruby Williams\u00a0received a settlement<\/a>\u00a0after an EHRC-backed race discrimination case was raised by the family.<\/p>\n

More widely, Emma Dabiri, author of\u00a0Don\u2019t Touch My Hair<\/a>,\u00a0has been campaigning<\/a>\u00a0for afro hair to be explicitly protected under the Equality Act.\u00a0The Halo Collective<\/a>\u00a0meanwhile, founded by young Black organisers, has developed\u00a0a charter for schools<\/a>\u00a0as a tool to end race-based hair discrimination.<\/p>\n

The onus for resisting discriminatory school uniform policies has, to date, often been placed on students and their families, often only with localised implications. However, this recent campaigning sets its sights on embedding change across the education system \u2013 and beyond. This could and should come from an explicit national policy against hair-based discrimination in schools and workplaces. Instead of that, however, it is coming from students demanding a culture shift and making it untenable for schools to retain discriminatory policies.<\/p>\n

The Sewell report may feel like a blow to those of us committed to anti-racism. Young protesters, however, remind us that our hopes lie not in the Conservative government, but in such grassroots organising.<\/p>\n

While the Pimlico situation remains unresolved, with protesters summoned to disciplinary meetings and\u00a0threatened with exclusions<\/a>, it shows that it is schools, not young people, that must change.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Remi Joseph-Salisbury is Presidential Fellow in Ethnicity and Inequalities at the University of Manchester<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

There has been much\u00a0criticism\u00a0of the report recently published by the UK government\u2019s Commission on Ethnic and Racial Disparities, chaired by Tony Sewell. Pundits have deplored its denial of institutional racism in Britain. A recent act of student resistance highlights how flawed the report is, and how racism affects schooling. In March, hundreds of pupils at […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":56979,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[366314],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-56978","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","tag-uniform-policies"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAfro hair: How pupils are tackling discriminatory uniform policies - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/afro-hair-how-pupils-are-tackling-discriminatory-uniform-policies\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Afro hair: How pupils are tackling discriminatory uniform policies - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There has been much\u00a0criticism\u00a0of the report recently published by the UK government\u2019s Commission on Ethnic and Racial Disparities, chaired by Tony Sewell. 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