{"id":56921,"date":"2021-04-19T08:00:03","date_gmt":"2021-04-19T15:00:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=56921"},"modified":"2021-04-18T13:27:52","modified_gmt":"2021-04-18T20:27:52","slug":"online-exam-monitoring-is-now-common-in-australian-universities-but-is-it-here-to-stay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/online-exam-monitoring-is-now-common-in-australian-universities-but-is-it-here-to-stay\/","title":{"rendered":"Online exam monitoring is now common in Australian universities \u2014 but is it here to stay?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

COVID-19 lockdowns were a huge disruption for Australian universities. With students unable to come to campus, many universities turned to \u201conline proctoring solutions\u201d to monitor students during exam time.<\/p>\n

Many of these systems rely on automated facial recognition or detection, often combined with human video-monitoring of students\u2019 homes, leading to concerns about bias, inaccuracy and intrusiveness. The rapid rollout of these systems led to\u00a0student protests<\/a>\u00a0in Australia and elsewhere.<\/p>\n

We\u00a0interviewed<\/a>\u00a0students, activists, tutors, academics, and managerial and technical staff at several Australian universities to explore the effect and experience of online proctoring. We found concerns from staff around the extra workload involved in maintaining \u201cbuggy\u201d proprietary systems. Students, meanwhile, were worried about the invasiveness of the technology, and nervous at the prospect of platform glitches disrupting exams.<\/p>\n

Over time, students have become more tolerant of online proctoring (or perhaps resigned to it). This habituation to the technology might serve as a lesson for how emerging uses of biometric surveillance are being incorporated into daily life \u2014 as well as how they need to be controlled and regulated.<\/p>\n

The EdTech boom<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The pandemic presented a golden opportunity for the mostly US-based education technology (or \u201cEdTech\u201d) industry. For these players, last year was a bonanza. Two months into the pandemic, the chief executive of \u201ccomprehensive learning integrity program\u201d\u00a0Proctorio<\/a>\u00a0told the\u00a0Washington Post<\/a>:<\/p>\n

It\u2019s insanity. I shouldn\u2019t be happy. I know a lot of people aren\u2019t doing so well right now, but for us \u2014 I can\u2019t even explain it [\u2026] We\u2019ll probably increase our value by four to five times just this year.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

At least\u00a024 universities in Australia and New Zealand<\/a>\u00a0used some sort of online proctoring tool last year. In some cases this simply involved the relatively low-tech use of Zoom, but many universities opted for proctoring platforms such as Proctorio,\u00a0Examity<\/a>\u00a0or the most popular choice,\u00a0ProctorU<\/a>.<\/p>\n

How online proctoring works<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Typically, proctoring platforms use a combination of \u201chuman\u201d monitoring and AI monitoring to monitor students\u2019 conduct during exams.<\/p>\n

Students take their exams before the unblinking eye of their laptop camera. The AI monitoring uses tools like face detection, gaze detection and keystroke biometrics to verify students\u2019 identity and flag \u201csuspicious\u201d behaviour (such as looking around the room, or moving away from their desk).<\/p>\n

Suspicious behaviour can be reviewed by a \u201clive\u201d remote proctor. This work is often outsourced to developing nations such as India and the Philippines, where remote proctors are reportedly\u00a0paid around A$3.50 per hour<\/a>.<\/p>\n

It is also possible to use fully automated versions of such platforms \u2014 though as we found, even \u201cfully\u201d automated systems require a great deal of extra work for teaching staff.<\/p>\n

Automation creates more work<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Tutors we\u00a0interviewed<\/a>\u00a0described the additional unseen work involved.<\/p>\n

They had to write suitable assessment tasks, set up the proctoring parameters, and wade through post-exam reports to judge evidence of anomalies. Moreover, technical staff had to methodically review the content of every assessment to confirm it would be compatible with the software.<\/p>\n

Even after all this work, exams were still troubled by glitches. One computer science tutor described the platforms as \u201ctotally, totally, buggy\u201d. Staff have little direct control over how the platforms work, as the precise rules used to determine \u201csuspicious\u201d behaviour are tightly protected commercial secrets.<\/p>\n

Problems with facial recognition<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The emergence of online proctoring has been extremely controversial. Some see it as an invasion of students\u2019 privacy based on an idea that students are inherently prone to cheating.<\/p>\n

Critics have also argued the facial recognition tools these platforms depend on may be racially biased, and more likely to misrecognise people of colour. In the United States, facial recognition technologies have been\u00a0banned outright in several cities<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The use of facial recognition is growing in Australia, with the federal government\u00a0set to deploy<\/a>\u00a0the National Facial Biometric Matching Capability. However, debates around facial recognition\u2019s impacts and implications have been much more muted here than overseas.<\/p>\n

An initial wave of protests<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The initial deployment of online proctoring nevertheless prompted a\u00a0storm of protest<\/a>\u00a0on Australian campuses. Student protest leaders we interviewed found students considered remote proctoring an unacceptable invasion of privacy, and there was anxiety around the prospect of glitches affecting exam performance.<\/p>\n

Even students who would not normally get involved in student politics were driven to protest. As one student organiser told us:<\/p>\n

a lot of students are pretty apathetic to that kind of stuff [but] the response in terms of [the use of online proctoring] was a lot more visceral.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In the wake of these protests, online proctoring was limited or entirely removed in some university subjects.<\/p>\n

\u2018That whole Big Brother scenario\u2019<\/strong><\/h4>\n

However, once exams had actually taken place using the platforms, some students became more \u201cjaded\u201d or \u201cresigned\u201d towards use of the technology. Some students we interviewed were even relatively positive about the convenience of taking exams from home. One student reflected:<\/p>\n

convenience far outweighs anything [or] any sort of issue that could possibly come up [\u2026] it\u2019s that whole Big Brother scenario, you sort of forget they\u2019re watching you after a little bit.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Others felt the comfort and calmness of the home environment was favourable when compared to a busy and emotionally charged exam hall.<\/p>\n

Despite the controversy and added work of online proctoring, university administrators we spoke to were confident the technology would continue to be used in Australian institutions. As one technical support officer put it, it is rare to \u201cun-procure\u201d technology:<\/p>\n

once we start (with) any new technology, it\u2019s hard to just step back completely, and not make that offering anymore, that\u2019s not [\u2026] how these things work.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Will an emergency fix become normal?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Online exam proctoring was introduced as an \u201cemergency fix\u201d during the pandemic, and may well become more prevalent as universities continue to\u00a0incorporate online learning in the post-pandemic world<\/a>. Before we accept it as normal, we should make sure it actually improves students\u2019 experience of learning.<\/p>\n

The introduction of online exam proctoring systems raises serious issues, including the impact on student education, the extra work required to keep \u201cbuggy\u201d systems working, and the commercialisation and outsourcing of key university infrastructure.<\/p>\n

The use and regulation of these systems must be guided by educational \u201cbest practice\u201d principles: imbued with genuine respect for \u201cusers\u201d, a substantive set of ethics, morals and political intent, and a meaningful contribution to the quality of higher education.<\/p>\n

Author Bios: <\/strong>Gavin JD Smith is a Associate Professor in Sociology at the Australian National University, Chris O’Neill is a Research fellow, Mark Andrejevic is Professor, School of Media, Film, and Journalism, Neil Selwyn is a Distinguished Research Professor and Xin Gu is a Lecturer in Communications and Media all at Monash University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

COVID-19 lockdowns were a huge disruption for Australian universities. With students unable to come to campus, many universities turned to \u201conline proctoring solutions\u201d to monitor students during exam time. Many of these systems rely on automated facial recognition or detection, often combined with human video-monitoring of students\u2019 homes, leading to concerns about bias, inaccuracy and […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":56922,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[366307],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-56921","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-online-proctoring"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOnline exam monitoring is now common in Australian universities \u2014 but is it here to stay? - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/online-exam-monitoring-is-now-common-in-australian-universities-but-is-it-here-to-stay\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Online exam monitoring is now common in Australian universities \u2014 but is it here to stay? - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"COVID-19 lockdowns were a huge disruption for Australian universities. 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