{"id":56662,"date":"2021-04-01T08:00:15","date_gmt":"2021-04-01T15:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=56662"},"modified":"2021-03-30T17:28:13","modified_gmt":"2021-03-31T00:28:13","slug":"plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/","title":{"rendered":"Plagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

In January, Austrian minister Christine Aschbacher became the latest in a long line of politicians in central and eastern Europe to be accused of plagiarising their academic theses \u2013 but one of the few to resign over it. She gave up<\/a> her cabinet post for labour, family and youth in the wake of allegations that both her master\u2019s and doctoral dissertations were plagiarised and characterised by severe linguistic weaknesses \u2013 the latter causing much amusement among Austrians.<\/p>\n

Significantly, Aschbacher completed her PhD \u2013 which she submitted while serving as a minister \u2013 in Slovakia, where various politicians have acquired dubious doctorates. Slovakia\u2019s prime minister, Igor Matovi\u010d, confessed last summer in an interview<\/a> that he had pieced his dissertation together from various unattributed sources and then had a girlfriend type it up \u2013 although he denied<\/a> that he had knowingly committed plagiarism, refused to resign and survived a confidence vote<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Also accused around the same time were the Speaker of the Slovakian parliament, Boris Koll\u00e1r<\/a>, and the country\u2019s education minister, Branislav Gr\u00f6hling<\/a> \u2013 who, ironically, had been tasked by Matovi\u010d with coming up with a law to allow all theses to be checked for plagiarism. Koll\u00e1r apologised but refused to resign. Gr\u00f6hling admitted his thesis had shortcomings but, backed by his university, also declined to step down (he resigned last week<\/a> in a row over the government\u2019s handling of Covid-19).<\/p>\n

Scandals relating to politicians who allegedly or actually plagiarised or submitted ghostwritten doctorates continue to rock the European political scene. Family minister Franziska Giffey<\/a> is a major case in point in Germany. The allegations against her, made in 2019, were so strong that she volunteered to stop using her doctoral title. However, for many critics, this was not enough and there were calls for her resignation. The university in question, the Free University of Berlin, said that<\/a> while there were \u201cproblems\u201d with her work, it was still academically sound. The university is now re-examining her dissertation<\/a> amid allegations that powerful politicians are not held sufficiently to account over their academic records.<\/p>\n

EU president and former German defence minister Ursula von der Leyen has faced similar allegations<\/a> regarding her medical dissertation, also including allegations of a whitewash by her doctoral institution, Hanover Medical School, whose 2016 investigation cleared her of any intention to deceive.<\/p>\n

However, German politicians have been found guilty of plagiarism by their alma maters. Perhaps most famous was von der Leyen\u2019s predecessor in the defence ministry, Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, who resigned<\/a> in 2011 after the University of Bayreuth withdrew his doctorate. Education minister Annette Schavan<\/a> also resigned in 2013 after her thesis was revoked by the University of D\u00fcsseldorf.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, many contested theses written by politicians were highly praised by the supervising or examining professors. Giffey\u2019s, for instance, was awarded magna cum laude<\/em>. Grade inflation is one thing \u2013 many or even most doctorates here in Germany are awarded cum laude<\/em> or magna<\/em> \u2013 but how is it that a comprehensive and conscientious supervisor does not detect plagiarism?<\/p>\n

The frequency with which high-profile politicians \u2013 and others \u2013 are accused of plagiarism raises questions about the supposed academic and social value of these degrees. The problem boils down to the fact that in much of central Europe too much attention is paid to academic titles and too little to what they should really be about: namely, making a substantial contribution to the field. The politicians want to signal their intellectual sophistication and dedication to research and discovery. But what they reveal, when they are accused, is their lack of integrity. Other high-profile alleged political plagiarists include Romania\u2019s former prime minister Victor Ponta and former acting prime minister Gabriel Oprea<\/a>, as well as Hungary\u2019s former president P\u00e1l Schmitt.<\/p>\n

Even when they are cornered, it is virtually unheard of for politicians to reveal what they really did. They only admit to \u201cmaking mistakes\u201d or \u201cfailing to maintain their usual high standards\u201d, or else they make the rather pathetic claim that \u201creferencing was done differently then\u201d. And if they resign, they typically do it \u201cto protect their family\u201d, not because they admit to any wrongdoing.<\/p>\n

It is particularly distasteful that the Austrian investigator who exposed Aschbacher, Stefan Weber, has come under attack for his work, on the grounds that he has become a \u201cself-proclaimed judge\u201d in such cases. He has even received two death threats. Whatever one thinks of such detective work, plagiarism is indefensible, and mechanisms to prevent it must be strengthened and applied consistently. Furthermore, when breaches of standards are identified, the appropriate punitive action must be taken, irrespective of the rank and power of the perpetrator.<\/p>\n

It is plausible that many dissertations riddled with plagiarism were, in fact, produced by ghostwriters. Surely only such hired hands would care so little and be so unmotivated and uninformed that they would lift endless chunks from published work and link them together with risible prose. Genuine doctoral candidates may be tempted to keep too close to the original and even sneak in the odd sentence or paragraph unchanged and\/or uncited, but they are unlikely to perpetrate plagiarism on a grand scale.<\/p>\n

Authorship fraud is probed much less often by investigators \u2013 partly because it is so hard to prove. But it, too, needs more attention and greater sanction. The public needs to be able to trust that someone calling themselves an academic doctor has some relevant research and analytical skills. Otherwise, who would bother to genuinely acquire such skills by doing a doctorate the legitimate way?<\/p>\n

Author Bio: <\/strong>Brian Bloch is a journalist, academic editor and lecturer in English for academic research at the University of M\u00fcnster.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In January, Austrian minister Christine Aschbacher became the latest in a long line of politicians in central and eastern Europe to be accused of plagiarising their academic theses \u2013 but one of the few to resign over it. She gave up her cabinet post for labour, family and youth in the wake of allegations that […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":56663,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[934],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-56662","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-plagiarism"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPlagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Plagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In January, Austrian minister Christine Aschbacher became the latest in a long line of politicians in central and eastern Europe to be accused of plagiarising their academic theses \u2013 but one of the few to resign over it. She gave up her cabinet post for labour, family and youth in the wake of allegations that […]\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-01T15:00:15+00:00\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Plagiarism.jpeg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"680\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"328\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kevin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\"},\"headline\":\"Plagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-01T15:00:15+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":948,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/03\\\/Plagiarism.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"Plagiarism\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Higher Education\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/\",\"name\":\"Plagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe - World leading higher education information and services\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/03\\\/Plagiarism.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-01T15:00:15+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/03\\\/Plagiarism.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/03\\\/Plagiarism.jpeg\",\"width\":680,\"height\":328},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Plagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/\",\"name\":\"World leading higher education information and services\",\"description\":\"Global Higher Education Jobs, University jobs, Lecturer & tenure jobs.\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\",\"name\":\"Kevin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g8ba4c352a279c450aa9435d770c1ebf4\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Kevin\"},\"description\":\"Kevin is founder of the world.edu project. The past 28 years have been involved in publishing to the education sector in print and the internet. Kevin has a degree in Education and has a many years experience in developing companies and projects.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/author\\\/kevin\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Plagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe - World leading higher education information and services","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Plagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe - World leading higher education information and services","og_description":"In January, Austrian minister Christine Aschbacher became the latest in a long line of politicians in central and eastern Europe to be accused of plagiarising their academic theses \u2013 but one of the few to resign over it. She gave up her cabinet post for labour, family and youth in the wake of allegations that […]","og_url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/","og_site_name":"World leading higher education information and services","article_published_time":"2021-04-01T15:00:15+00:00","og_image":[{"width":680,"height":328,"url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Plagiarism.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Kevin","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Kevin","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/"},"author":{"name":"Kevin","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee"},"headline":"Plagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe","datePublished":"2021-04-01T15:00:15+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/"},"wordCount":948,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Plagiarism.jpeg","keywords":["Plagiarism"],"articleSection":["Higher Education"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/","url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/","name":"Plagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe - World leading higher education information and services","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Plagiarism.jpeg","datePublished":"2021-04-01T15:00:15+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Plagiarism.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Plagiarism.jpeg","width":680,"height":328},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/plagiarism-scandals-are-devaluing-doctoral-degrees-in-central-europe\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/world.edu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Plagiarism scandals are devaluing doctoral degrees in central Europe"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/","name":"World leading higher education information and services","description":"Global Higher Education Jobs, University jobs, Lecturer & tenure jobs.","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee","name":"Kevin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g8ba4c352a279c450aa9435d770c1ebf4","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Kevin"},"description":"Kevin is founder of the world.edu project. The past 28 years have been involved in publishing to the education sector in print and the internet. Kevin has a degree in Education and has a many years experience in developing companies and projects.","sameAs":["https:\/\/world.edu"],"url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/author\/kevin\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56662","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=56662"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56662\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":56664,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56662\/revisions\/56664"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/56663"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=56662"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=56662"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=56662"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=56662"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}