{"id":56277,"date":"2021-03-04T00:00:41","date_gmt":"2021-03-04T08:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=56277"},"modified":"2021-03-04T00:01:56","modified_gmt":"2021-03-04T08:01:56","slug":"maximize-objectivity-and-minimize-neutrality-activism-in-social-sciences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/maximize-objectivity-and-minimize-neutrality-activism-in-social-sciences\/","title":{"rendered":"“Maximize Objectivity and Minimize Neutrality”: Activism in Social Sciences"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Can we conduct activist research in universities?\u00a0This is one of the questions that invites us to take a closer look at the controversy launched by the Minister of Higher Education,\u00a0asking<\/a>\u00a0the National Assembly on February 16 that \u201ca review of all the research\u201d be launched. which take place at the university, in order to distinguish “what concerns academic research and what concerns activism and opinion”.<\/p>\n

To answer this question from the point of view of social science epistemology, conceptual distinctions must be made.<\/p>\n

For this, we will rely on a distinction proposed by the sociologist\u00a0Boaventura de Sousa Santos<\/a>\u00a0(University of Coimbra) between\u00a0neutrality<\/a>\u00a0and objectivity.\u00a0We will comment in particular on this statement: \u201cThe attitude of the critical social scientist is to maximize objectivity and minimize neutrality\u201d.<\/p>\n

Knowledge point of view<\/strong><\/h4>\n

De Sousa Santos<\/a>\u00a0is known for his militant involvement in social movements.\u00a0He is also an internationally renowned sociologist of law having taught in the United States, England and Portugal.<\/p>\n

Criticism of neutrality involves opposing a \u201cpositivist vulgate\u201d\u00a0falsely attributed<\/a>\u00a0to Max Weber.\u00a0On the contrary, there is a whole tradition which challenges the ability of the scientist to be able to be neutral.\u00a0Indeed, such a claim would arise from an illusion about oneself which would suggest that it is possible for the scientist to abstract himself from his social position, for example.<\/p>\n

This\u00a0critique of neutrality<\/a>\u00a0is present from Marxist epistemologies to feminist epistemologies from the \u201cpoint of view\u201d.\u00a0Any social position (of class, of sex\u2026) implies a point of view situated on the object of knowledge.\u00a0On this level, such a conception supposes impossible what is called in philosophy the “point of view of God” or “point of view of nowhere”.<\/p>\n

This therefore means for Boaventura de Sousa Santos that the more a scientist thinks himself neutral, as is the case in the \u201cpositivist vulgate\u201d, the more he risks, on the contrary, being oblivious to his lack of neutrality.\u00a0The more, on the contrary, we are aware of our lack of neutrality, the more it becomes possible to be vigilant to the social and cognitive biases that can guide judgment.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, it would be wrong to think that the absence of neutrality leads for De Sousa Santos to epistemological relativism.\u00a0Of course, he admits that researchers are always socially positioned in relation to their research objects, and that this positioning can also involve emancipatory research interests.<\/p>\n

This is what characterizes \u201cthe attitude of the critical social scientist\u201d: it is about a social scientist who gives his research an objective of emancipatory social transformation.\u00a0Such a tradition has been present since at least Marx and continued for example within the Frankfurt School.<\/p>\n

However, the fact that critical social science researchers are not neutral does not mean that they do not strive for objectivity.\u00a0By objectivity, we must understand a set of criteria and epistemic tests, which are recognized in the academic field of the scientific field concerned.\u00a0So\u00a0he wrote<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\u201cObjectivity results from the rigorous and honest application of the methods of investigation which allow us to carry out analyzes which do not reduce to the anticipated reproduction of the ideological preferences of who leads them.\u00a0Objectivity also results from the systematic application of methods which make it possible to identify presuppositions, preconceptions, values \u200b\u200band interests which underlie scientific research, which is supposedly devoid of it.\u00a0“<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

As we can see, objectivity supposes not to claim neutrality (which is an illusion), but on the contrary to make explicit the position from which the discourse is produced so as to objectify the possible biases.\u00a0To a certain extent, the more neutral you think you are, the less likely you are to be objective.<\/p>\n

Emancipatory aim<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Can we eradicate activist research from the university?\u00a0It is necessary here to distinguish between militant speeches and research with an emancipatory knowledge interest.<\/p>\n

We are not going to require people in the public sphere who hold militant speeches to produce criteria that are those of scientists.\u00a0For example, an activist production is not required to be accompanied by references with footnotes from academic publications.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, in the university space, objectivity in the sense in which Boaventura de Sousa Santos defines it implies complying with the criteria which are those of the academic space.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, this does not prevent, as we have seen, the production of research which is part of the critical social sciences with an emancipatory aim.\u00a0It is in the work of the philosopher Jurgen Habermas,\u00a0Knowledge and Interest<\/em><\/a>\u00a0, that we find the distinction between three types of knowledge interest, one of the modalities of which is the critical approach oriented towards emancipation.<\/p>\n

Thus, in philosophy and social sciences, if we were to eradicate research that has a militant aim or social reform, we would have to put an end to the teaching of a good number of academic traditions that are historically well established.<\/p>\n

Let us engage in a thought experiment.\u00a0If this were the case, we would have to suppress the Marxist currents.\u00a0We could then imagine in the years 1960-70 forbidding\u00a0Henri Lefebvre<\/a>\u00a0to profess.\u00a0The teaching of Critical Theory at the Frankfurt School should also be prohibited.\u00a0Should we then imagine that\u00a0Herbert Marcuse<\/a>\u00a0, who advocated the revolution and was a reference in the American counterculture, would be banned from teaching?<\/p>\n

Questions of legitimacy<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Let us look at one of the most frequently criticized international research currents, namely intersectionality.<\/p>\n

The notion of intersectionality designates a legal category introduced at the end of the 1980s by the African American jurist Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw.\u00a0On its website, the Council of Europe uses the\u00a0following definition<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\u201cIntersectional discrimination: when a person is discriminated against on two or more grounds, which act simultaneously and interact in an inseparable way, producing distinct and specific forms of discrimination. “<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

For example, would that mean that in sociology, a disabled woman, activist of an association to fight against discrimination against disabled people, who would conduct a study on “the risks of violence against disabled women” and who at the following its study would recommend better targeted public campaigns against the violence suffered by disabled women, would it be illegitimate in its research and its objectives?<\/p>\n

As we can see, wanting to eradicate activist research in the social sciences poses a certain number of difficulties. And that does not mean that this research cannot have a legitimacy insofar as it respects epistemic criteria of scientific objectivity.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Irene Pereira is Professor of Philosophy, Researcher in Philosophy and Sociology at the University Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil Val de Marne (UPEC)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Can we conduct activist research in universities?\u00a0This is one of the questions that invites us to take a closer look at the controversy launched by the Minister of Higher Education,\u00a0asking\u00a0the National Assembly on February 16 that \u201ca review of all the research\u201d be launched. which take place at the university, in order to distinguish “what […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":56278,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86115],"tags":[366234],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-56277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","tag-activist-research"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n"Maximize Objectivity and Minimize Neutrality": Activism in Social Sciences - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/maximize-objectivity-and-minimize-neutrality-activism-in-social-sciences\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\""Maximize Objectivity and Minimize Neutrality": Activism in Social Sciences - 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