{"id":55693,"date":"2021-01-23T00:00:47","date_gmt":"2021-01-23T08:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=55693"},"modified":"2021-01-23T15:04:08","modified_gmt":"2021-01-23T23:04:08","slug":"early-warning-systems-in-schools-can-be-dangerous-in-the-hands-of-law-enforcement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/early-warning-systems-in-schools-can-be-dangerous-in-the-hands-of-law-enforcement\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Early warning\u2019 systems in schools can be dangerous in the hands of law enforcement"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many students are getting\u00a0lower grades and inconsistently attending classes<\/a>. For students in one Florida county, low grades and absenteeism may put them at risk of being labeled by law enforcement as potential criminals.<\/p>\n

The Tampa Bay Times\u00a0reported in late 2020<\/a>\u00a0that the Pasco Sheriff\u2019s Office uses student data to identify young people who, in its words, are \u201cdestined to a life of crime<\/a>.\u201d Pasco is a county of around 500,000 people just north of Tampa on Florida\u2019s Gulf Coast.<\/p>\n

The Pasco Sheriff\u2019s Office uses grades, disciplinary histories, progress toward graduation and attendance records alongside justice system data to\u00a0flag students as being at risk of committing crimes<\/a>. All it takes to be labeled as \u201cat risk<\/a>\u201d is getting a single D on a report card or a disciplinary referral. In the fall of 2020, over\u00a0400 high schoolers were on the list<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The case raises a number of questions about how student data is used and the role of law enforcement in schools.<\/p>\n

Program was secret<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Through the program, Pasco school resource officers are encouraged to work with high schools to provide services to these students to help them get \u201cback on track<\/a>.\u201d However,\u00a0Superintendent Kurt Browning<\/a>,\u00a0several principals<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0a member of the school board<\/a>\u00a0have said they were unaware of the program\u2019s use of data before the newspaper\u2019s investigation.<\/p>\n

According to the reporting, students and their parents are\u00a0not notified<\/a>\u00a0when students are identified as potential future criminals.<\/p>\n

Student privacy experts have\u00a0raised concerns<\/a>\u00a0about the legality of such use of federally protected student data. On Jan. 19, U.S. Rep. Bobby Scott, the Virginia Democrat who chairs the House Committee on Education and Labor,\u00a0called<\/a>\u00a0for a federal investigation into Pasco\u2019s use of student data.\u00a0His letter states<\/a>\u00a0that \u201cpre-criminal categorization merely makes more concrete the schools-to-prison pipeline that is a result of institutional bias.\u201d<\/p>\n

This use of school records is part of a\u00a0broader effort<\/a>\u00a0in Pasco County to use data to reduce crime that it calls \u201cintelligence-led policing<\/a>.\u201d The sheriff\u2019s office has been using\u00a0similar approaches<\/a>\u00a0to identify potential criminals outside of schools\u00a0since 2011<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0Pasco County parent teacher association and a number of teachers<\/a>\u00a0have spoken out against the labeling of students as potential future criminals. Former sheriff\u2019s office employees, journalists and criminal justice experts\u00a0have criticized<\/a>\u00a0the broader effort for being overly aggressive and not being based on research.<\/p>\n

News reports<\/a>\u00a0indicate that officers have\u00a0repeatedly visited homes and questioned individuals<\/a>\u00a0without cause and gone after people for minor offenses.\u00a0One former deputy described<\/a>\u00a0a directive to \u201cmake their lives miserable until they move or sue.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Pasco Sheriff\u2019s Office outlines how school resource officers seek to mentor identified students, but there are also accounts of\u00a0interactions with these students resulting in arrests<\/a>.<\/p>\n

While the sheriff\u2019s office\u00a0defends the program<\/a>,\u00a0Andrew Guthrie Ferguson<\/a>, a legal scholar at American University, described the program manual as \u201ceverything that\u2019s wrong about policing in one document<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dangers in labels<\/strong><\/h4>\n

As an\u00a0education policy researcher<\/a>\u00a0who studies school safety and discipline, I worry that labeling students as potential future criminals and relying on law enforcement to intervene may actually increase students\u2019 future involvement with the justice system. That said, I recognize the potential of using data to inform interventions. In fact, there are\u00a0examples from educational research<\/a>\u00a0of using data to\u00a0identify students who need extra help and providing that help<\/a>.<\/p>\n

About\u00a0half of public high schools<\/a>\u00a0nationally, including those in Pasco County, already use academic \u201cearly warning systems<\/a>.\u201d Such systems enable educators to identify students who are at risk academically, such as being likely to drop out.<\/p>\n

These systems often use measures similar to those used by the sheriff\u2019s office \u2013 including discipline, attendance and class grades. While no early warning system perfectly identifies future outcomes, these factors are\u00a0predictive<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0dropout<\/a>\u00a0as well as\u00a0future delinquency<\/a>. In other words, these systems can help\u00a0identify students who need more support<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The key, however, is not just identifying students who need help but actually intervening to support them.\u00a0Research<\/a>\u00a0suggests\u00a0approaches<\/a>\u00a0other than law enforcement may be most effective at doing so.<\/p>\n

What works<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Effective interventions\u00a0often involve<\/a>\u00a0teachers, principals, counselors, parents, students and community organizations. Nationally, more than 80% of schools with\u00a0early warning systems collaborate<\/a>\u00a0with administrators, teachers and parents to intervene. This can lead to\u00a0productive partnerships<\/a>\u00a0with families and students. When academic early warning systems are\u00a0combined with effective intervention<\/a>, they can produce some positive effects, such as\u00a0reducing chronic absenteeism and failed classes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Federal guidance<\/a>\u00a0suggests schools intervene using a mix of classroomwide strategies, small-group interventions and\u00a0interventions specifically tailored to identified students<\/a>. Such interventions focus on factors under school control, such as quality of instruction and relationships between students and teachers, rather than labeling students as deficient.<\/p>\n

Increasing risks<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Labeling students<\/a>\u00a0as \u201cdestined to a life of crime\u201d may change how adults interact with them, increase the\u00a0surveillance of students<\/a>\u00a0and actually make students more likely to engage in\u00a0future criminal activity<\/a>. School police, that is, may interpret students\u2019 developmentally normal behavior as criminal.<\/p>\n

Indeed, while\u00a0many school police officers mentor students<\/a>, their primary training is in law enforcement. Their presence tends to increase students\u2019 likelihood of\u00a0suspension<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0arrest<\/a>. Both suspensions and arrests are\u00a0predictors of later involvement with the justice system<\/a>.<\/p>\n

What\u2019s more, early warning systems are\u00a0not necessarily objective<\/a>. For example,\u00a0Black students are disciplined at higher rates than white students, even for the same behaviors<\/a>. As a result, some students, including racial minorities, may be affected more by efforts to identify future criminals. A lack of transparency and lack of partnerships with other stakeholders increases this risk.<\/p>\n

In the end, data and early warning systems can help identify students in need of support and positive intervention. The key is to intervene in ways that don\u2019t themselves put students on a track to involvement in the justice system.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> F. Chris Curran is Associate Professor of Educational Leadership and Policy at the University of Florida<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many students are getting\u00a0lower grades and inconsistently attending classes. For students in one Florida county, low grades and absenteeism may put them at risk of being labeled by law enforcement as potential criminals. The Tampa Bay Times\u00a0reported in late 2020\u00a0that the Pasco Sheriff\u2019s Office uses student data to identify young people […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":55694,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[366171],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-55693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-campus-police"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u2018Early warning\u2019 systems in schools can be dangerous in the hands of law enforcement - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/early-warning-systems-in-schools-can-be-dangerous-in-the-hands-of-law-enforcement\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u2018Early warning\u2019 systems in schools can be dangerous in the hands of law enforcement - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"During the COVID-19 pandemic, many students are getting\u00a0lower grades and inconsistently attending classes. 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