{"id":54234,"date":"2020-10-02T08:00:29","date_gmt":"2020-10-02T15:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=54234"},"modified":"2020-10-01T12:44:04","modified_gmt":"2020-10-01T19:44:04","slug":"anticapitalism-wasnt-banned-in-english-classrooms-during-the-cold-war-why-is-it-now","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/anticapitalism-wasnt-banned-in-english-classrooms-during-the-cold-war-why-is-it-now\/","title":{"rendered":"Anticapitalism wasn\u2019t banned in English classrooms during the cold war \u2013 why is it now?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/bigbenasleep.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"408\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/bigbenasleep.jpeg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/bigbenasleep-250x150.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/bigbenasleep-600x360.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><br \/>\nMaterials produced by groups with \u201cextreme political stances\u201d have been barred from English classrooms by the UK government under\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/plan-your-relationships-sex-and-health-curriculum#choosing-resources\">new guidance<\/a>\u00a0for the relationships, sex, and health curriculum. Most of these extreme principles \u2013 racism, antisemitism and authoritarianism \u2013 are uncontroversial. But the list also includes opposition to capitalism: the \u201cdesire to overthrow democracy, capitalism, or the end to free and fair elections\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Times columnist Daniel Finkelstein approves,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetimes.co.uk\/article\/enemies-of-capitalism-have-no-place-in-school-tdr7wt6xs\">writing<\/a>\u00a0that \u201cenemies of capitalism have no place in school\u201d. Critics, including former shadow chancellor\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2020\/sep\/27\/uk-schools-told-not-to-use-anti-capitalist-material-in-teaching\">John McDonnell<\/a>, have branded the new rules McCarthyist.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">This, from the government&#39;s official schools&#39; guidance, is McCarthyism. Desiring another form of organising society other than capitalism is a valid political opinion, and this would be used to target movements such as Black Lives Matter. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/isqz2mW8Ln\">pic.twitter.com\/isqz2mW8Ln<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Owen Jones ???? (@OwenJones84) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/OwenJones84\/status\/1309805845237071872?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 26, 2020<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Debates about whether to bar anticapitalist views from the classroom are not new. British lawmakers have considered similar bans on numerous occasions since the 1917 Russian revolution. But previous British governments refused to forbid materials from radical groups \u2013 including communists \u2013 from British classrooms, even at the height of the cold war.<\/p>\n<p>This was due to an ethos of British liberalism that devolved\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.schoolshistoryproject.co.uk\/ResourceBase\/downloads\/MandlerKeynote2013.pdf\">most curricular decisions<\/a>\u00a0to teachers and local authorities before the 1980s. As a Times\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetimes.co.uk\/archive\/article\/1944-07-08\/5\/4.html\">editorial<\/a>\u00a0put it in 1944, government should respect \u201cthe traditional British freedom accorded\u201d to let teachers \u201cteach, within broad limits, what seems best to him\u201d. In that context, the current government\u2019s move seems particularly stark.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Policing content<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>In 1927, parliament\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.parliament.uk\/historic-hansard\/commons\/1927\/mar\/11\/seditious-and-blasphemous-teaching-to\">considered banning<\/a>\u00a0\u201cseditious teaching\u201d of the \u201crecognised Communist type which aims at destroying the existing Constitution and the order of things\u201d. The bill targeted both school classrooms and \u201cProletarian Sunday Schools\u201d, and criminalised the distribution of literature in which \u201cprivate property is anthematised as robbery\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Its sponsor, Conservative MP Herbert Holt, highlighted materials such as the \u201cWorker\u2019s Child\u201d, produced by the Young Communists\u2019 International. \u201cFreedom of speech in this country has always been highly valued,\u201d he argued, but \u201cthe line must be drawn somewhere\u201d. Despite worsening Anglo-Soviet relations and widespread domestic antiradicalism in the wake of the 1926 general strike, parliament had little appetite to draw such a line, and the bill died quietly in the report stage.<\/p>\n<p>In 1950, parliament\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/hansard.parliament.uk\/Commons\/1950-11-08\/debates\/5d8318fe-e8e4-4408-aea9-ad7af68f0b7a\/TeachingProfession(CommunistActivities\">again debated<\/a>\u00a0the influence of communist organisations on public schools. Conservative MP Tufton Beamish complained that schoolteachers were \u201cpouring revolutionary, seditious and atheistic propaganda into British children\u2019s ears\u201d. Left-wing groups such as the British-Soviet Friendship Society were circulating materials for use in British classrooms.<\/p>\n<p>Yet a Ministry of Education official scoffed at his implication:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>There is no evidence that, because teachers may read from Liberal pamphlets, pamphlets from the Tory Central Office or Transport House, or pamphlets about Russia written by Communists, they have allowed the information they have taken from them to influence their work.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>As one MP remarked: \u201cWe have got to rely upon the commonsense and the judgement of the teachers.\u201d Parliament agreed, again choosing to leave curricular decisions to educators. The matter was largely settled for decades.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile in the US, legislation barring the teaching of \u201csubversive\u201d doctrines\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/americanhistory\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199329175.001.0001\/acrefore-9780199329175-e-6?rskey=pyhwz2\">proliferated<\/a>. States and towns demanded loyalty oaths from teachers and required that schools teach the \u201cAmerican way\u201d of \u201cfree enterprise\u201d. By the early 1950s, school curricula had become a central focus of anticommunist crusaders such as Senator Joseph McCarthy. Seemingly anodyne elementary-school stories such as Robin Hood were held up as dangerous \u201ccommunist\u201d indoctrination in \u201crobbing the rich to give to the poor\u201d.<br \/>\n<iframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/N35IugBYH04\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>To be sure, British governments \u2014 both Conservative and Labour \u2014 indulged in their own anticommunist propaganda via secretive organisations such as the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/british-governments-new-anti-fake-news-unit-has-been-tried-before-and-it-got-out-of-hand-90650\">Information Research Department<\/a>. British citizens, including teachers, were caught up in MI5\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ahr\/article\/122\/3\/727\/3862792\/Covert-and-Overt-Operations-Interwar-Political?guestAccessKey=dd29ef1c-2fb7-412f-851a-b9f8a56a60ee\">very large programme<\/a>\u00a0of clandestine surveillance and policing of suspected subversives. Nevertheless, Britain\u2019s schools emerged from the cold war without the deep politicisation that McCarthyism inflicted on American education.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>A new era?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>This means that the Department of Education\u2019s new policy goes much further than any British government during the cold war, when communist movements around the world had successfully overthrown capitalist regimes.<\/p>\n<p>It also goes further than Prevent, the 2011 antiradicalisation programme which gave the state new authority to review curricula.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/prevent-duty-guidance\/revised-prevent-duty-guidance-for-england-and-wales\">Prevent guidance<\/a>\u00a0calls for students to \u201cunderstand and discuss sensitive topics, including terrorism and the extremist ideas that are part of terrorist ideology\u201d. Prevent defines \u201cextremism as &#8220;vocal or active opposition to fundamental British values, including democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs\u201d. Capitalism is not named as a British value, nor is anticapitalism defined as an \u201cextreme view\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>So why target anticapitalism? The curricular guidance applies only to the \u201crelationships, health, and sex curriculum\u201d. Feminists have long\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/08\/12\/opinion\/why-women-had-better-sex-under-socialism.html\">insisted<\/a>\u00a0that sex and relationships have everything to do with capitalism and democracy, but it\u2019s hard to imagine that fears of feminist propaganda motivated the change.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, movements such as Occupy and Extinction Rebellion have attracted mass followings with their\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2020\/aug\/04\/evolution-of-extinction-rebellion-climate-emergency-protest-coronavirus-pandemic\">systematic critiques<\/a>\u00a0of capitalism, inequality and environmental crisis. The appeal of such movements to young people may have motivated the government to act.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps the government is trailing a broader approach to curricular oversight, one that mirrors President Donald Trump\u2019s recent announcement of a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2020\/sep\/19\/trump-1776-commission-proof-america-spiraling-toward-facism\">1776 Commission<\/a>\u201d to promote \u201cpatriotic education\u201d in the US, or Victor Orban\u2019s February\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/us-hungary-politics-teachers-protests\/hungarian-teachers-say-new-school-curriculum-pushes-nationalist-ideology-idUSKBN1ZY28Y\">announcement<\/a>\u00a0of a national school curriculum reflecting \u201cHungarian values\u201d. School curricula have become flashpoints for populist regimes around the world. Is the UK government following this trend?<\/p>\n<p>During the cold war, British officials and intellectuals were proud of Britain\u2019s reputation for political toleration, especially in comparison to the abuses of American McCarthyism. In 1954, Hartley Shawcross, British prosecutor at the Nuremburg trials,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1119716\">praised<\/a>\u00a0British \u201cdoctrines of toleration and liberty\u201d that gave citizens \u201cthe right even to attack our whole system of government\u201d. \u201cWe have refused to allow ourselves to be stampeded by fear,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p>Britain\u2019s new bar on \u201cextremism\u201d in school curricula would likely strike him as extreme indeed.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bio:<\/strong> Jennifer Luff is Associate Professor in History at Durham University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Materials produced by groups with \u201cextreme political stances\u201d have been barred from English classrooms by the UK government under\u00a0new guidance\u00a0for the relationships, sex, and health curriculum. Most of these extreme principles \u2013 racism, antisemitism and authoritarianism \u2013 are uncontroversial. But the list also includes opposition to capitalism: the \u201cdesire to overthrow democracy, capitalism, or the [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/anticapitalism-wasnt-banned-in-english-classrooms-during-the-cold-war-why-is-it-now\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":54235,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[357424],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-54234","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","tag-extreme-political-stances"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Anticapitalism wasn\u2019t banned in English classrooms during the cold war \u2013 why is it now? - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/anticapitalism-wasnt-banned-in-english-classrooms-during-the-cold-war-why-is-it-now\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Anticapitalism wasn\u2019t banned in English classrooms during the cold war \u2013 why is it now? - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Materials produced by groups with \u201cextreme political stances\u201d have been barred from English classrooms by the UK government under\u00a0new guidance\u00a0for the relationships, sex, and health curriculum. Most of these extreme principles \u2013 racism, antisemitism and authoritarianism \u2013 are uncontroversial. 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