{"id":53937,"date":"2020-09-09T01:00:28","date_gmt":"2020-09-09T08:00:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=53937"},"modified":"2020-09-08T13:05:51","modified_gmt":"2020-09-08T20:05:51","slug":"is-cultural-marxism-really-taking-over-universities-i-crunched-some-numbers-to-find-out","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/is-cultural-marxism-really-taking-over-universities-i-crunched-some-numbers-to-find-out\/","title":{"rendered":"Is \u2018cultural Marxism\u2019 really taking over universities? I crunched some numbers to find out"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u201cCultural Marxism\u201d is a term favoured by those\u00a0on the right<\/a>\u00a0who argue the\u00a0humanities are hopelessly out of touch<\/a>\u00a0with ordinary Australia.<\/p>\n

The criticism is that radical voices have captured the humanities, stifling\u00a0free speech<\/a>\u00a0on campuses.<\/p>\n

The term has been used widely over the past decade. Most infamously, in former senator Fraser Anning\u2019s 2018 \u201cfinal solution\u201d speech to parliament he\u00a0denounced<\/a>\u00a0cultural Marxism as \u201cnot a throwaway line, but a literal truth\u201d.<\/p>\n

But is cultural Marxism actually taking over our universities and academic thinking? Using a leading academic database, I crunched some numbers to find out.<\/p>\n

The back-story<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The term \u201ccultural Marxism\u201d moved into the media mainstream around 2016, when psychologist Jordan Peterson was protesting a Canadian bill prohibiting discrimination based on gender. Peterson\u00a0blamed<\/a>\u00a0cultural Marxism for phenomena like the movement to respect gender-neutral pronouns which, in his view, undermines freedom of speech.<\/p>\n

But the term is much older. It seems first to have been used by writer\u00a0Michael Minnicino<\/a>\u00a0in his 1992 essay The New Dark Age, published by the Schiller Institute, a group associated with the fringe right wing figure\u00a0Lyndon LaRouche<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Around the turn of the century, the phrase was adopted by influential American conservatives. Commentator and three time presidential candidate Pat Buchanan targeted \u201ccultural Marxism\u201d for many perceived\u00a0ills facing America<\/a>, from womens\u2019 rights and gay activism to the decline of traditional education.<\/p>\n

The term has since gone global, sadly making its way into Norwegian terrorist Anders Brevik\u2019s\u00a0justificatory screed<\/a>. Andrew Bolt used it\u00a0as early as 2002<\/a>. In 2013, Cory Bernardi was\u00a0warning<\/a>\u00a0against cultural Marxism as \u201cone of the most corrosive influences on society\u201d.<\/p>\n

By 2016, the year the Peterson affair unfolded, Nick Cater and Chris Uhlmann were blaming it for undermining free speech in\u00a0The Australian<\/a>. The idea has since been adopted by\u00a0Mark Latham<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Malcolm Roberts<\/a>.<\/p>\n

So, what is cultural Marxism?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Insofar as it goes beyond a fairly broad term of enmity, the accusers of \u201ccultural Marxism\u201d\u00a0point to<\/a>\u00a0two main protagonists behind this ideology.<\/p>\n

The first is Italian Marxist\u00a0Antonio Gramsci<\/a>. Writing under imprisonment by the fascists in the 1920s, Gramsci argued the left needed to capture the bureaucracy, universities and media-cultural institutions if it wished to hold power.<\/p>\n

The second alleged culprits are \u201cneo-Marxist\u201d theorists associated with the\u00a0Frankfurt School of Social Research<\/a>. These \u201ccritical theorists\u201d drew on psychoanalysis, social theory,\u00a0aesthetics<\/a>, and\u00a0political economy<\/a>\u00a0to understand modern societies. They became especially concerned with how fascism could win the allegiance of ordinary people, despite its appeals to aversive prejudice, hatred and militarism.<\/p>\n

When Hitler came to power, the Frankfurt School was quickly shut down, and its key members forced into exile. Then, as Uhlmann has\u00a0narrated<\/a>:<\/p>\n

Frankfurt School academics [\u2026] transmitted the intellectual virus to the US and set about systematically destroying the culture of the society that gave them sanctuary.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

While Soviet communism faltered, the story continues, the cultural Marxist campaign to commandeer our culture was marching triumphantly through the humanities departments of Western universities and outwards into wider society.<\/p>\n

Today, critics argue it shapes the \u201cpolitical correctness<\/a>\u201d that promotes minority causes and polices public debate on issues like the environment, gender and immigration – posing a grave threat to liberal values.<\/p>\n

What the numbers show<\/strong><\/h4>\n

If the conservative anxieties about cultural Marxism reflected reality, we would expect to see academic publications on Marx, Gramsci and critical theorists crowding out libertarian, liberal and conservative voices.<\/p>\n

To test this, I conducted\u00a0quantitative research on the academic database JStor<\/a>, tracking the frequency of names and key ideas in all academic article and chapter titles published globally between 1980 and 2019.<\/p>\n

In 1987, Karl Marx himself ceded the laurel as the most written about thinker in academic humanities, replaced by Friedrich Nietzsche \u2013 revered by many fascists\u00a0including Benito Mussolini<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 and Martin Heidegger, another figure whose far-right politics were\u00a0hardly progressive<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Over the past 40 years, the alleged mastermind of cultural Marxism, Gramsci, attracted 480 articles. This compares with the 407 publications on\u00a0Friedrich Hayek<\/a>, arguably the leading influence on the neoliberal free market reforms of the last decades.<\/p>\n

The \u201cFrankfurt School\u201d featured in less than 200 titles, and critical theorist\u00a0Herbert Marcuse<\/a>\u00a0(identified by Uhlmann as\u00a0a key transmitter<\/a>\u00a0of the cultural Marxist \u201cvirus\u201d in the US) was the subject of just over 220.<\/p>\n

Over the last decade, the most written about thinker was\u00a0the neo-Nietzschean theorist<\/a>, Giles Deleuze, featuring in 770 titles over 2010-19.<\/p>\n

But the notoriously esoteric ideas of Deleuze – and his language of \u201cmachinic assemblages\u201d, \u201cstrata\u201d, \u201cflows\u201d and \u201cintensities\u201d – are hardly Marxist. His ideas have been a significant influence on the right-wing Neoreactionary or \u201cdark enlightenment<\/a>\u201d movement.<\/p>\n

\"\"Cultural, not Marxist<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The last four decades have seen a relative\u00a0decline<\/em>\u00a0of Marxist thought in academia. Its influence has been\u00a0superseded<\/a>\u00a0by \u201cpost-structuralist\u201d (or \u201cpostmodernist\u201d) thinkers like Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Judith Butler and Deleuze.<\/p>\n

Post-structuralism is primarily indebted to thinkers of the European \u201cconservative revolution<\/a>\u201d led by Nietzsche and Heidegger.<\/p>\n

Where Marxism is built on hopes for reason, revolution and social progress, post-structuralist thinkers roundly reject such optimistic \u201cgrand narratives<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Post-structuralists are as\u00a0preoccupied with culture<\/a>\u00a0as our conservative news columnists. But their analyses of identity and difference\u00a0challenge the primacy Marxism affords to economics<\/a>\u00a0as much as they oppose liberal or conservative ideas.<\/p>\n

Quantitative research bears out the idea that \u201ccultural Marxism\u201d is indeed a \u201cpost-factual dog whistle<\/a>\u201d and an intellectual confusion masquerading as higher insight.<\/p>\n

A spectre of Marxism has survived the cold war. It now haunts the culture wars.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Matthew Sharpe is an Associate Professor in Philosophy at Deakin University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cCultural Marxism\u201d is a term favoured by those\u00a0on the right\u00a0who argue the\u00a0humanities are hopelessly out of touch\u00a0with ordinary Australia. The criticism is that radical voices have captured the humanities, stifling\u00a0free speech\u00a0on campuses. The term has been used widely over the past decade. Most infamously, in former senator Fraser Anning\u2019s 2018 \u201cfinal solution\u201d speech to parliament […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":53938,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[357378],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-53937","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-cultural-marxism"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIs \u2018cultural Marxism\u2019 really taking over universities? 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