{"id":53517,"date":"2020-08-07T08:00:39","date_gmt":"2020-08-07T15:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=53517"},"modified":"2020-08-06T14:34:16","modified_gmt":"2020-08-06T21:34:16","slug":"brain-scientists-havent-been-able-to-find-major-differences-between-womens-and-mens-brains-despite-over-a-century-of-searching","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/brain-scientists-havent-been-able-to-find-major-differences-between-womens-and-mens-brains-despite-over-a-century-of-searching\/","title":{"rendered":"Brain scientists haven\u2019t been able to find major differences between women\u2019s and men\u2019s brains, despite over a century of searching"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

People have searched for sex differences in human brains since at least the 19th century, when scientist\u00a0Samuel George Morton poured seeds and lead shot into human skulls<\/a>\u00a0to measure their volumes.\u00a0Gustave Le Bon found men\u2019s brains<\/a>\u00a0are usually larger than women\u2019s, which prompted\u00a0Alexander Bains<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0George Romanes to argue<\/a>\u00a0this size difference makes men smarter. But\u00a0John Stuart Mill pointed out<\/a>, by this criterion, elephants and whales should be smarter than people.<\/p>\n

So focus shifted to the relative sizes of brain regions.\u00a0Phrenologists suggested<\/a>\u00a0the part of the cerebrum above the eyes, called the frontal lobe, is most important for intelligence and is proportionally larger in men, while the parietal lobe, just behind the frontal lobe, is proportionally larger in women. Later,\u00a0neuroanatomists argued<\/a>\u00a0instead the parietal lobe is more important for intelligence and men\u2019s are actually larger.<\/p>\n

In the 20th and 21st centuries, researchers looked for distinctively female or male characteristics in smaller brain subdivisions. As a\u00a0behavioral neurobiologist<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0author<\/a>, I think this search is misguided because human brains are so varied.<\/p>\n

Anatomical brain differences<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The largest and most consistent brain sex difference has been found in the hypothalamus, a small structure that regulates reproductive physiology and behavior. At least one hypothalamic subdivision is larger in male\u00a0rodents<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0humans<\/a>.<\/p>\n

But the goal for many researchers was to identify brain causes of supposed sex differences in thinking \u2013 not just reproductive physiology \u2013 and so attention turned to the large human cerebrum, which is responsible for intelligence.<\/p>\n

Within the cerebrum, no region has received more attention in\u00a0both race and sex difference research<\/a>\u00a0than the corpus callosum, a thick band of nerve fibers that carries signals between the two cerebral hemispheres.<\/p>\n

In the 20th and 21st centuries, some researchers found the\u00a0whole corpus callosum is proportionally<\/a>\u00a0larger in women<\/a>\u00a0on average while others found\u00a0only certain parts<\/a>\u00a0are bigger<\/a>. This difference drew\u00a0popular<\/a>\u00a0attention<\/a>\u00a0and was suggested to\u00a0cause cognitive sex differences<\/a>.<\/p>\n

But\u00a0smaller brains have a proportionally larger corpus callosum<\/a>\u00a0regardless of the owner\u2019s sex, and studies of\u00a0this structure\u2019s size differences have been inconsistent<\/a>. The story is similar for\u00a0other cerebral measures<\/a>, which is why trying to explain supposed cognitive sex differences through brain anatomy has not been very fruitful.<\/p>\n

Female and male traits typically overlap<\/strong><\/h4>\n
\"\"

A chart showing how measurements that often differ between sexes, like height, substantially overlap. Ari Berkowitz, CC BY<\/p><\/div>\n

Even when a brain region shows a sex difference on average, there is typically considerable overlap between the male and female distributions. If a trait\u2019s measurement is in the overlapping region, one cannot predict the person\u2019s sex with confidence. For example, think about height. I am 5\u20197″. Does that tell you my sex? And brain regions typically show much smaller average sex differences than height does.<\/p>\n

Neuroscientist\u00a0Daphna Joel and her colleagues examined MRIs of over 1,400 brains<\/a>, measuring the 10 human brain regions with the largest average sex differences. They assessed whether each measurement in each person was toward the female end of the spectrum, toward the male end or intermediate. They found that only 3% to 6% of people were consistently \u201cfemale\u201d or \u201cmale\u201d for all structures. Everyone else was a mosaic.<\/p>\n

Prenatal hormones<\/strong><\/h4>\n

When brain sex differences do occur, what causes them?<\/p>\n

A\u00a01959 study<\/a>\u00a0first demonstrated that an injection of testosterone into a pregnant rodent causes her female offspring to display male sexual behaviors as adults. The authors inferred that prenatal testosterone (normally secreted by the fetal testes)\u00a0permanently \u201corganizes\u201d the brain<\/a>. Many\u00a0later studies showed this to be essentially correct<\/a>,\u00a0though oversimplified<\/a>\u00a0for nonhumans.<\/p>\n

Researchers cannot ethically alter human prenatal hormone levels, so they rely on \u201caccidental experiments\u201d in which\u00a0prenatal hormone levels or responses to them were unusual<\/a>, such as with\u00a0intersex people<\/a>. But hormonal and environmental effects are entangled in these studies, and findings of brain sex differences have been inconsistent,\u00a0leaving scientists without clear conclusions for humans<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Genes cause some brain sex differences<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\"\"While prenatal hormones probably cause most brain sex differences in nonhumans, there are some cases where the cause is directly genetic.<\/p>\n

This was dramatically shown by a\u00a0zebra finch with a strange anomaly<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 it was male on its right side and female on its left. A singing-related brain structure was enlarged (as in typical males) only on the right, though the two sides experienced the same hormonal environment. Thus, its brain asymmetry was not caused by hormones, but by genes directly. Since then, direct effects of genes on brain sex differences have\u00a0also been found in mice<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Learning changes the brain<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Many people assume human brain sex differences are innate, but this assumption is misguided.<\/p>\n

Humans learn quickly in childhood and continue learning \u2013 alas, more slowly \u2013 as adults. From remembering facts or conversations to improving musical or athletic skills, learning alters connections between nerve cells called synapses. These changes are numerous and frequent but typically microscopic \u2013 less than one hundredth of the width of a human hair.<\/p>\n

Studies of an unusual profession, however, show learning can change adult brains dramatically. London taxi drivers are required to memorize \u201cthe Knowledge<\/a>\u201d \u2013 the complex routes, roads and landmarks of their city. Researchers discovered this learning\u00a0physically altered a driver\u2019s hippocampus<\/a>, a brain region critical for navigation.\u00a0London taxi drivers\u2019 posterior hippocampi<\/a>\u00a0were found to be larger than nondrivers by millimeters \u2013 more than 1,000 times the size of synapses.<\/p>\n

[Deep knowledge, daily.<\/em>\u00a0Sign up for The Conversation\u2019s newsletter<\/a>.]<\/p>\n

So it\u2019s not realistic to assume any human brain sex differences are innate. They may also result from learning. People live in a fundamentally gendered culture, in which parenting, education, expectations and opportunities differ based on sex, from birth through adulthood, which inevitably changes the brain.<\/p>\n

Ultimately, any sex differences in brain structures are most likely due to a complex and interacting combination of genes, hormones and learning.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Ari Berkowitz is Presidential Professor of Biology; Director, Cellular & Behavioral Neurobiology Graduate Program at the University of Oklahoma<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

People have searched for sex differences in human brains since at least the 19th century, when scientist\u00a0Samuel George Morton poured seeds and lead shot into human skulls\u00a0to measure their volumes.\u00a0Gustave Le Bon found men\u2019s brains\u00a0are usually larger than women\u2019s, which prompted\u00a0Alexander Bains\u00a0and\u00a0George Romanes to argue\u00a0this size difference makes men smarter. But\u00a0John Stuart Mill pointed out, […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":53518,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86115],"tags":[357313],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-53517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","tag-womens-and-mens-brains"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBrain scientists haven\u2019t been able to find major differences between women\u2019s and men\u2019s brains, despite over a century of searching - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/brain-scientists-havent-been-able-to-find-major-differences-between-womens-and-mens-brains-despite-over-a-century-of-searching\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Brain scientists haven\u2019t been able to find major differences between women\u2019s and men\u2019s brains, despite over a century of searching - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"People have searched for sex differences in human brains since at least the 19th century, when scientist\u00a0Samuel George Morton poured seeds and lead shot into human skulls\u00a0to measure their volumes.\u00a0Gustave Le Bon found men\u2019s brains\u00a0are usually larger than women\u2019s, which prompted\u00a0Alexander Bains\u00a0and\u00a0George Romanes to argue\u00a0this size difference makes men smarter. 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